Kevin Carter pulitzer prize winning image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kevin Carter pulitzer prize fetching image - Essay Exampleide area of the land which has the lighter colors, is the Black child on his quartet limbs with his head to the ground, seemingly being supported by his right hand. Just a few inches can him is a vulture on its feet, positioned in a way that makes it appear that it is imitating the childs raised(a) shoulders. The surfaces of the two images are not greatly different and this makes the balance in the photo. The child, being near the photographer, appears to be bigger than the bird but one might just assume the difference in their sizes. Nevertheless, their size and color make the two as the dominant figures. The two focal images have dark hues which melodic phrase their environment. Coincidentally, the child has a white necklace and bracelet that is comparable to the color of the vultures feet and beak. The feathers of the bird and the scrape of the child are smooth, in contrast to the rough texture of the ground with the dry soil, pebbles and stones scattered near and the dried grasses. Such elements of photography, aside from the sensitive social issue, make the photograph a real

Case study analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Case study analysis - Research Paper practice sessionere in one an employee when given a task happily accepted (according to Fred but not in reality) just to come back on the deadline without finishing it and saying he had never thought it was achiev equal to finish that in weeks ( stipulated) time ( Black, p. 3,4). In the second instance Fred was not able to understand why the meeting he had with a Japanese client did not progress patronage his best efforts (from American point of view). The problems were not confined to his professional life only, his family specifically his wife was not comfortable in the new society as she had got tired of having no neighbors to talk to, being stared by people on the road, facing difficulty locating places and finding difficult to purchase the items of interest ( Black, p. 4). The problems were rattling caused by their lack of understanding of the Japanese culture. Bailey Fred and his wife had very little time to prepare themselves for the et hnic differences that were coming their way. Fred being high on assertiveness (Javidan and House 2001, p. 289-305), individualism, and low on power place (Hofstede Models ) could not understand that Japanese values are different from American values and thus the descent conduct in Japan had to be different that in America. The report applies MBI approach using Hofstede and ballock (Javidan and House 2001, p. 289-305)Mapping The personality of Bailey and several others were the main reason for the problems. Fred Bailey was individualistic, assertive, and able to deal with high scruple which all were less appreciated in Japan and thus less appreciated by his Japanese employees and Japanese clients.Integrating Fred must take several steps to ensure that his employees get enough opportunities to move and discuss to integrate both the cultures. Towards this goal he must organize several programs for his employees to develop impair cultural understanding to foster participation and trust among each other.Fred Bailey was

Computer Communications & Networks Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Communications & Networks - Lab Report mannequinThe devices are called end devices or more correctly hosts which are either the terminations or sources of information patrimonial via a network so accessing a network or site remotely involves three elements a source or sender, a destination and a forte which is the channel done which the entropy is transmitted. The data transmitted can be in the form of text, graphics, voice or video which are reborn into a language the computer understands called binary bits (data is transmitted as a zero or a one 0I). The bits are then programmed or coded into signals or data packets that can be transmitted through a medium over a network. Now sending data as one sustained stream will mean that no other data or devices can use the medium while the data is being transmitted just like a pipeline if it is delivering gasoline, it cannot at the very(prenominal) time deliver liquid petroleum gas so the data is broken into smaller packets a process called segmentation which allows many different data to be transmitted concurrently, this is called multiplexing and segmenting data enhances network dependableness so data is not lost easily whenever a break in communication occurs (third Symposium on Networked Systems design and Implementation (NSDI06), San Jose, California). ... The one used for internet communication is called TCP/IP stack which contains four layers Application protocols layer that is defined to applications like WWW, or FTP (File Transfer Protocol), a transmission control protocol which is responsible for directing packets of data to specific computers by using a port number. It also has an internet protocol layer that directs data bits to destinations using the IP addresses of the computers and a computer ironware layer that converts data into data streams or signals such as the network cards or modems. An didactics flows from the sender (computer) from the application to the transfer control pr otocol then to the internet protocol and finally to the hardware protocol that converts the bits of information into signals transmitted through a medium through the internet. On reaching the destination computer, the signals are converted back to binary bits through the hardware layer then to the internet protocol layer then to transfer protocol layer and then to the application such as a web server software. The internet is made up of many big networks called Network Service providers (NSPs0 affiliated together in a peer standard. The NSPs sub data packets with each other and must splice to three network access points (NAPs) and at metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs) both of which are called internet exchange points (IXs). Information is then sent around these networked computers to its destinations by routers which contain information tables and switch data packets to the amend destination (Serpanos and Wolf 292-302) As soon as one types the web address to be accessed into a w eb browser (a web browser is a program that is used for internet applications and

Distribution and Retail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Distri thation and Retail - Essay ExampleThe spatial relation of a crossroad is very ripe for the comp each(prenominal) in order to get the feel of consumers and the general public. Public perception is vital for a product as it determines whether or not the product would be sold successfully in that foodstuff. It is a fact that the general public always remembers the leading company, which has introduced a product. Effective product posture excessively affects the determination of falsifynative products and diverse purchasing trains. The basic meaning of product positioning in any market local or foreign is to get a comparison of your tick off versus your competitors brand. So with this in mind it is safe to assume that proper product positioning may alter the choice of the consumers, meaning, it may develop an alternative between same products. It takes a great deal of interrogation and assessment when a company decides to place its product in an other(a)(prenominal) ma rket in another country, in that position is a series of different analysis which are needed so that determining how a product will be conceived in another market becomes easy (Varle 2006). It should be remembered that product positioning directly influences the consumers evaluation of similar products and their will to purchase products. These are the stages in which the buyer takes cardinal products of the similar market, the products are also similar, and then based on various brands available in the market the consumer prefers only one out of them, which he or she thinks is the most suitable. When the consumer is evaluating two similar products of the same brand the major factor affecting his or her decision is buying one brand and product positioning will aid them to buy the product, which suits them well. So basically when a consumer wants to buy a similar product of which there are other alternatives and brands present, it is important that they choose one brand, and this t hey determine by performing a sort of problem solving technique which can lead them to make a better choice. With this beingness said, it is also true that a major portion of problem solving they perform involves a level of consumer involvement. This depends on the level of interest that particular consumer has in buying a product, then there is the cost factor, then there is also the visibility of the product and the significance the consumer gives to the product and many other factors, which means that brand positioning can only be affected by the level of involvement. ground on this information we shall now review, analyze and evaluate the possessors venture in UK. The owner of the business has founded a factory which produces casual pure cotton for a large departmental chain, but now the factory also manufactures clothes such as skirts, shirts, pants and dresses for ladies in three different sizes, the operation is on a small scale but the owner has now become the important distributer and now wants to sell his products in UK (Ries 1981). The target market of the store and its positioning First of all before opening the store in Greater London, the owner has to determine the target market for his clothing. As the owner produces shirts, skirts, pants and etc for ladies in all three sizes, he must look for a location within Greater London where there are fewer competitors. The positioning of the store will by and large depend on the number of alternatives present in that market if the competition in the area is vicious then it is suggested that the owner should find another location

Islam Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Islam Today - Essay ExampleWith the destruction and chaos that came with the abate of the colonial rule after World War 2, much of the Islamic world became the victim of vitiate regimes, religious extremism, and foreign intervention. As Edward Said put it In part, of course, that is because the Middle East, the Arabs, and Islam have continued to render enormous change, struggle, controversy, and, as I write these lines, war.The political instability so much a part of much of the Islamic world stems from the instable atmosphere of many of these countries (especially the Arab ones) and the fact that they are home to most(prenominal) of the worlds oil supply. The oil brings the interest of many Western governments to do things that, if the oil was not there, they would probably not do. To that of course must be added that most people have the negative kitchen range of Muslims as terrorists and extremists largely due to their negative depiction in the media. There is a striking pri vation of clarity and an atmosphere of incomprehension that can only generate suspicion and fear (Ramadan 2007, p. 23). This situation is not helped by the fact that so many scholars in the West believe that Muslims are by nature antecedent and that Islam in general is incompatible with the West and/or globalization.In order combat these images and the potential conflict there is a lot people in Muslim countries could do. First and foremost Muslim governments should exploit to have their voice heard more low-cally and more often in Western media. It is clear that Muslims have an image problem in the worlds media. There should be an organized causa to reach out to people to show them that Islam has much more to it than radicals and terrorists.

Teratech Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teratech - Case Study ExampleThe first supplier to tap these advance resources would gain a rangyger share in the securities industry, lead the CRM service sedulousness and have the first market entrant advantage.In the first quarter of 2005, Teratech aimed to go beyond the canonic CRM functions and venture into modeling and analytics. The growth opportunities in predictive modeling and analytical CRM software is very big for the five-year-old company. Grabbing this opportunity would give a strategic advantage to Teratech, since the company is considered as a CRM expert for the pharmaceutic industry.According to Teratechs CEO, Jack Dwyer, developing a red-hot analytical CRM product would assure the stakeholders continued sales and revenue growths as well as market leadership in the industry, while compensating the declining sales in the last quarter of the previous year. The bare-assed product is one of his corporate strategies for continued success of the organization. He i s looking forward to an exceptional business performance of the company for three years.Jack Dwyer is a successful man, who worked his way up to become a respected CIO in his previous job before he founded Teratech. He is a successful man with a 20-year experience in a leading engineering science service firm and a bold vision for Teratechs future. His vision for Teratech is to become the preferred solutions provider for pharmaceutical companies and the forerunner in the industry. This is the ideal end-state goal of Teratech.With the information of a new analytical software, Teratechs customers can observe trends, understand customer behavior, explore simulated scenarios and predict outcomes. This software would complete the companys CRM package of product functionality and analytical capability. The package is very marketable and salable to loyal customers as well as new recruits, as shown by the optimism of the sales team members. This would enhance the companys competitivenes s in the market. The existing products and the development of a new analytical application software would answer to the vision of the CEO and help the company achieve its goal. However, development of a new product does not end on the salespeople. New product development is a company wide operation. It also involves other teams such as trade, finance, human resource, and technology development teams.The marketing team is optimistic that the new product would answer the customers concerns on the current product and return on their investment. The relatively new concept of CRM in pharmaceuticals and pharmacy-related industries is cool it at its infancy stage and the customers are still uncertain on its applicability. The development of the new product would assure the customers of its added benefit. The pharmaceutical companies would be able to increase the value of their customer and market data as well as enhance their marketing system for optimum military posture. In the ultra -competitive environment of the pharmaceutical industry, the new product can address both the effectiveness and efficiency of their marketing campaigns.The success of the new product in the market would boost Teratechs expertise and market image, such that, the marketing team are challenged to cater new industries and access new technologies. Finding new markets or even creating a new one would be a blue ocean outline for the team.Furthermore, Christine

Time Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Time Management - Essay ExampleInstead, it focuses on executing of strategies that argon involved in the process of clip allocation. This paper explores issues regarding time management in treat profession, through elaboration of strategies involved. Numerous empirical investigations have indicated that shelters should develop a habit of arriving early in their workplaces. Therefore, by arriving early, nurses get enough time to read reports, hand covert sheets, organizes their work and settle their minds (Woogara, 2012). Moreover, aside from arriving early, they can also develop a habit of making notes for their personal use. These notes are obtained from hand cover sheets and reports. In fact, they can also develop disputations or grids containing patients names and related tasks. Besides, these notes incorporate a list of activities to be undertaken during the day, and objectives that should be achieved (Woogara, 2012). Nonetheless, nurses should estimate time required for co mpleting each task, and this can prevent misallocation of time on some tasks, thereby neglecting separates. Given that nursing is a super challenging profession, there are chances of having numerous tasks, which cannot be completed within the working hours. Moreover, this leads to increases changes in prioritization of these tasks (Fedor, 2013). For instance, changes in prioritization of tasks occur in situations where patients consume urgent attention. Nevertheless, it is wise to consider the pace of tasks in nursing practice, which can lead to burning away and stress. Therefore, time management techniques are designed in ways that facilitate achievement of objectives and preventing burning egress or stress (Fedor, 2013). In this case, time management techniques are subdivided into seven strategies, which include Planning care for profession has an aspect of unpredictability thus, it calls for setting strategies and planning on ways to undertake various tasks (Tucker, 2013). The nurse is required to make necessary plans such as competing patients paperwork, establishing ways to deal with patients needs, making submissions of laboratory requests and aid staff meetings (Tucker, 2013). Task that are completed are noted in a to-do-list, thereby lot nurses to stay focused. In this case, nurses are able to ensure that time is not wasted. Nurses are urged to assess their lists in order to modify it through deletion or addition of items based on their importance and spurring (Tucker, 2013). Therefore, planning enables nurses to manage their time and reduce chances of forgetting important things. Prioritization Prioritization of tasks can facilitate management of time, thereby enabling nurses to attend to their tasks depending on level of urgency (Woogara, 2012). In this case, nurses should arrange tasks to be undertaken during the day based on their priorities in order to allow them identify tasks that can be postponed (Woogara, 2012). For instance, care of patients and their satisfaction should be highly prioritized by nurses. Therefore, they are supposed to complete tasks that are highly prioritized, thereby eliminating chances of forgetting or delaying tasks (Woogara, 2012). On the other hand, nurses are urged to revisit

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay interpreterCertain personality characteristics can also be very helpful in starting a new business. A study conducted by Southern Methodist Universitys Cox School of trade lists several shared characteristics of more than 200 successful entrepreneurs (those who crap been in business more than 5 years and have gross revenues of at least $1 million), including good health, an ability to control, strong self-confidence, richly energy and sense of urgency, comprehensive awareness of a situation, a realistic outlook, conceptual ability, a low gear need for societal status, an objective approach, emotional stability, an attraction to challenges and an ability to describe situations with numbers (Glick-Smith, 1999).Strategic homework is important to any small society that wishes to grow or expand product lines or services. polar from a business devise in which something is started, strategic planning maps out the various practices a company will use to obta in a desired goal, such as increased sales, employee growth or adjusting to new competition (Kautz, 2005). Like running a race, if you dont know where the course is, you have little chance of arriving at the finish line prior to the competition. A strategic plan should embarrass a business purpose that makes the mission and philosophy of the company clear to employees and others in a laconic statement, organizational goals that define the endpoints toward which the plan is striving, mapped out strategies for meeting each of these goals, action plans to implement the various strategies and the carrying into action of a monitoring plan to ensure the company is on the right path toward meeting these goals (Kautz, 2005). The plan should remain flexible to meet the growth needs of the company as well as the changes indoors the marketplace.According to Alex Goumakos, there are 5 major factors that should be considered when deciding on the format of self-possession liability protectio n, taxes, management, ownership transition and

Family Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Values - Essay ExampleAnd when the mother is non there and the baby bird gets hurt (in an accident at the playing field) it is the brothers and sisters who take care of their sibling.Home and family atmosphere is enriched and strengthens by a belief in helping out each other, confessing and positively reacting to human needs for comfort and a lifelong support. This also involves viewing others mistakes as humans and non robots because computers and robots are not programmed to forgive or forget (Petersons, 2003).The members of the family know that human needs are satiated through impelling and productive relationships. That is why even when there is a fight, it eventually ends as family members succumb to their dependence on other family members and this serves to strengthen the family bonds. Only the physical wellbeing is not necessary. Healthy mental and cognitive education is also the need for florid life. That is why two most crucial aspects in the development of hea lthy and productive (to the society and to the family) behavior nurture at home, not the GPs clinic. These aspects areFamilies that are live care a closely knitted unit and take care of each other form a real impetus of a healthy lifestyle. This concept is deeply rooted in nursing theories. spare-time activity are the fundamental concepts that are tied with family care in my area of practice.(a) Commitment committing to anything, person, notion, philosophy or object bears the fruit. Same principle applies in nursing practice and the model of family care. This concept of family care applies not only in my area of practice but on all forefronts. Commitment is just other name for will power. And it is this will power that makes the family stay united and look out for each other.(b) clutch and affection It is only natural for parents to encourage their young ones when they achieve even

Cast study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cast - Case force field ExampleExports of rude produce constitute Brazils major revenue earner.Brazils manufacturing industry lacks competitiveness because there is no proportional advantage in the industrial sector. The cost of energy, afflictive materials and wages is high and the consequence is the escalation of the manufacturing be. Brazil has failed in the quest to keep the industrial operating costs below those incurred in other countries. Therefore, the countries with lower operating costs are more competitive in manufacturing compared to Brazil.Brazils governments in the 20th and 21st centuries have been eagerly developing a valet class manufacturing strategy. The governments course of action is aimed at switching from the agricultural based providence to one that is industrial based. The government wanted to protect the local industries from international competition by shocking taxes on imports through the practice of protectionism.For Brazil to move its resources f rom the uncompetitive industrial sector to competitive industries, comparative advantage should be given prior consideration. The country should stick to developing agriculture and diversifying the use of agricultural products. For instance, sugar cane can be used to produce more ethanol whose demand is high. carbohydrate cane is primarily used to produce sugar merely diversification will provide a platform for the production of ethanol. The planetary ethanol trade is lucrative and Brazil would have an upper make pass in the international market as a result of its comparative advantage with regard to agriculture. For hard-hitting competitive advantage, the agricultural resources should be developed and harnessed into different industries to diversify products coupled with the expansion of the global market (Chaddad, 2014).President Rousseffs policies limit Brazils dependence on foreign goods but they disregard the aspect of comparative advantage. The

Components of a Research Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Components of a Research Proposal - Assignment Exampleicant to have a formal layout for research papers in order to ensure standardization or uniformity in writing research proposals and dissertations, which is universal and all students and / or researchers use it.According to Baron (2008), it is significant to differentiate the research problem because it gives the entire research process a basis or a grounding and reason for conducting the research. This justifies why it is important to conduct the research and the solutions that the researcher is looking for.Baron (2008) stated that the principal(prenominal) purpose of the literature review is to offer information pertaining to the research, which is available from the secondary sources. The literature review offers a theoretical aspect of the research study.In the writings by Baron (2008), data collection is exposit as the process of gathering or collecting information either from primary or secondary sources. On the other hand data analysis is described as the process of evaluating or assessing twain the primary and secondary information that has been gathered or collected by the

Fashion - customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand Essay

Fashion - client service can encourage in build the loyalty of a brand - Essay ExampleThe paper elbow room - customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand talks about how the customer service can help in build the loyalty of a brand. The luxury fashion retailing sector of Hong Kong is exceptionally well developed hence one of the fashion capitals of Asia. The fast evolution expenditure from Chinese tourists has turned Hong Kong into a regional distribution hub for popular designer brands around the world, providing a great variety of high-end fashion brands and luxurious products in the market. With the Chinese tourists continuing to pour in, the product requisite is high. Many high-end retailers try to provide extra services to retain their customers. Top brands try to find ship canal to capitalize on the buying interest of their customers and provide quality customer service due to the modified space. Besides globalization, many prestigious retailers are turning t heir focus to generating a greater profit from their active customer base by developing brand loyalty. Such ideas are also backed by a number of researchers. Homburg, Koschate & Hoyer (2005) stated that brands were benefited from brand-loyal customers due to repeated patronage and their tendency to pay premium prices for extra services. The findings of Graner and Sterling (2003) further strengthened the incentive for retailers to develop brand loyalty as they found that retaining 5% more customers would boost profits by 25% to 125%. Quality customer services provided by the business are essential.

Compare my experience in taking an online course versus that of a Essay

Compare my experience in taking an online course versus that of a conventional schoolroom course - Essay Example, weigh the facts, make connections and use this information to succeed a all-embracing variety of outputs, the acquisition of skills, knowledge and attitudes (Boradbent, 2002 111) that makes a successful learner. For me, a rich learning experience is rear whenever it becomes possible for students to be actively engaged in the learning process. This happens when the knowledge to be gained is transmitted in a way that encourages students to apply various learning techniques to the material thus making it possible for them to achieve lifelong learning in whatever area they choose. However, as more and more colleges begin to introduce online courses, it is important to compare the level of learning that can be achieved in these classes as compared with more traditional environments.Before it is possible to determine which learning environment would be best for me, I firs t underwent a process of discovering my own personal learning style. This was a difficult process because I didnt await to have any one way in which I learned best. David Kolb suggested that there are fundamentally four different types of learning styles used by the majority of students to differing degrees. Within his classification system, I recognise two methods that particularly applied to my individual learning style including the diverger and the accommodator (Kolb, 2002 114). What helps me to learn best is when I find myself in an open environment where discussions can take place without being afraid of anger and where ideas can be explored. However, there are times when even this is not exactly the best weft for me as I just need to engage in some passive activity, learning from other(a) peoples ideas. This is not unusual as Boradbent indicates, learning styles are not cast in concrete. Learners are not always hooked on one style (2002 115). At the most elementary leve l, I agree with Mel Silberman (cited in Boradbent, 2002 115) who says that the most effective learning

Economics of Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economics of Warfare - Essay ExampleFor instance, some numbers single include civilians and does not count those who are in the military and those who are in the militia groups that catch been resisting the government. In all, the number of deaths is very high (Atassi, 2013). Children fetch not been left behind hasten hundreds of them have faced death as a result of the attack. What is even more unfortunate is that some of these children have died from attacked from the government. However, the government has denied any of these allegations. However, it is clear that both the government and the militias have caused deaths of non-resisting civilians (Rabil, 2003).The Syrian economy has also been touched badly from the war. Like legion(predicate) wars, the Syrian war has affected the ability of the country to produce economically. Syrian trades have been reduced by over 75 percent, and the country is no longer able to export the exports it used to export which development agenci es valued at $2.73 billion in 2010. These losses have brought many problems to the country, including illnesses that have been caused mainly by the lack of adequate proper basic amenities such as sanitation services. Syria is one example of how war can affect the economy. As Reynolds (2003) says, most non-economists tend to bet that the major economic cost of a war is the money used to manufacture the equipment for war. They also figure the cost of war to involve cost to pay the soldiers to carry out the war. But as has been seen in Syria and indeed in many other wars around the word, there are many other economic issues that come from war (Benet, 2014).However, the economics effect of the Syrian war is only affecting Syria. It is affecting the lie in the world, especially Europe. As Lobello (2013) says, even though Syria itself is not a major producer of oil, the conflict in Syria is affecting the prices of oil

Leadership and Action Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Action - Article ExampleLeaders may impart many roles and therefore are required to perform diverse actions to fulfill the requirements for the development of the organization. It is manifested that actions performed by the drawing card depends on the functions that leader is performing at that particular time (Krench, 1962). The following actions are performed by the leaderPurveyor of rewards and punishment Leader is the one who can act as an cost increase for his subordinates by rewarding them and likewise encourage them to do the best and up to desired expectations by punishing them. Punishment is also an encouragement and brings the best within the individual.Father figure A leader is required to act as a focused and have positive emotional feelings for the fellows for the identification of the problem and also for transference. It is desired for the transparency and to underframe trust among the fellows towards their leader.1. Chemers, M. M. (2002). Cognitive , social, and emotional intelligence of transformational leadership Efficacy and Effectiveness. In R. E. Riggio, S. E. Murphy, F. J. Pirozzolo (Eds.), Multiple Intelligences and Leadership.

Learing Secondary Languages should be supported Research Paper

Learing utility(prenominal) Languages should be supported - Research Paper ExampleLinguistic barriers prove to be the biggest barriers in the style of building up of rapport between employees because they are not able to understand one another. This composition explores some of the potential advantages of the companionship of second language. L attracting second language provides an single(a) with an opportunity to emigrate to the country / countries whose languages are known by him/her. Learning second language is particularly beneficial for large number who are nationals of the poor countries because they do not take hold as many another(prenominal) opportunities as available to hatful who are nationals of such advanced countries as America, Australia, Canada, and Britain. A lot of people belonging to such develop countries as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh tend to migrate to the richer economies in order to have a better standard of living, and many of them become succe ssful in their endeavors. Once migrated, even if they drive a cab or vend a pizza, they earn much more than what they did in their homeland. They do not need very uplifted paying jobs in order to be convinced to migrate. They become satisfied as long as they are earning more than they did in their own country. Luckily, in a vast majority of cases, they do earn more abroad. However, this opportunity can not be availed by an individual unless he/she has sufficient noesis of the language spoken in the contradictory country. In order to move to UK, an individual is supposed to have attained at least the minimal established score of the International English Language interrogatory System (IELTS), which in a vast majority of cases is 5, though it becomes 6 if the purpose of travel is educational. The minimum score varies from criterion to criterion, though it can not be attained unless the individual has tried to take care the second language in the past. These exams are really tou gh and one is checked on various(a) linguistic abilities. For example, the four modules of IELTS check an individuals ability in speaking, reading, writing, and listening English. Thus, an individual is considered bailable for travel only if he/she is sufficiently competent in each of the four areas of language. Once an individual manages to cross this barrier through learning second language, the world is open to him/her and he/she can entirely change and improve his/her future abroad. Knowledge of second language boosts the brain power of an individual. Children in foreign language programs have tended to demonstrate greater cognitive development, creativity, and divergent thinking than monolingual children (Peckham). According to Moran and Hakuta (cited in Ukrainian Bilingual Programs), students with knowledge of multiple languages are able to achieve more in such academic tests as the cognitive flexibility, creativity and the Provincial Achievement Exams than students who do not have knowledge of the same. Knowledge of second language is fundamental to the attainment of higher education in foreign countries. Schools and colleges in the underdeveloped countries are not as advanced as the ones in developed countries. There is deficiency of research, and the paraphernalia of laboratory are not sufficient to inculcate sound knowledge of the concepts in the students. As a result of this, many students opt to study abroad, though knowledge of second

Economic Growth And Standard Of Living Essay Example for Free

sparing product And commonplace Of Living EssayTo understand any earnic it is al ports historic to take line of business of the cite words. In this case I am dismission to first pin point the key words. Economy in a lay mans language is the management of cash in hand or c be in the use of resources. Others may say it is a system of producing and managing resources. This past puts everyone in featherbrained that economic maturement as the increment of management and use of resources like finances, wealth and so on. Standard of living can mea originald by types of living styles that is quality (living in high standards and able to cede peculiarly the basic needs) or of no quality that is ( brusk quality most especially not cosmos able to spend the basics in life and probably living be commencement the poverty line) (Elkington J. , 1974) stinting developing is seen on both extremes by different individuals that is the best or worst and the cheeks of it depending on how it has impact their standards of living.The way it affects the standards of living in the present and how it affected in the recent is very different from the way it will be tomorrow. Its further expansion today has also affected different individuals differently. Others amaze seen it to have ca employ more impose on _or_ oppress than earnest while others see it to have caused more than more good than harm and this second group appears to be the majority w whence increasing the gap between these two groups of the great unwashed (The World Business Council for sustainable).Nevertheless economic gain to a larger terminus is seen as a valuable vehicle for raising standards of living in aspects like tender life, political aspects and steady psychological aspects. Since time immemorial, everyone valued a high standard of living and every member of the family and society worked toward achieving more and more resources so as to live a better life. Men, women and childre n for instance did farming and cultivated viands crops for home consumption. This was in the past before the innovation of cash economy.In that era, the three fundamental processes used in economic growth were identification, cooperation and imitation Aragon-Correa and Sharma S. , 2003 and Dunphy D, Griffiths A, and Benn S. , 2000). Today or presently it is true that further economic expansion has been seen. This is why the world today bases on the mechanism of survival for the fittest. This mechanism is mainly stressful to see that everyone actively participates towards economic growth and hence amend their standards of living.So people have further deliberately decided to be lazy and they are the same people complaining of economic growth as unnecessary. They have given others the opportunity to regular(a) grow liberaler as they (the lazy ones) become haplesser. It is important to note that as the world economy grows, the standard of living also grows. It does not remain sta gnant hence the capacity of manpower in the society should also increase so as to spouse the economic growth and avoid lagging behind. It is done in this manner, and then the delicatey of economic growth affecting the standards of living presently will not be felt (World stinting Forum).It is seen clearly that as worlds life proceeds, very many aspects change. For instance, the population of South Africa in early 1930s cannot match or be the same as the population today. Todays population has unimpeachably outgrown the one of 1930s hence the economic growth will remain a valuable vehicle for raising and not degrading the standards of living if we check into issues like education, population maneuver, employment especially experient manpower in professional fields, etc. good example here is population control. In the past population was not as big and huge as today hence the issue of despicable standard of living was not intensely felt. Today the population has double even trip light-emitting diode in specialised places. This then has led to shortage of land, food, employment, schools hence giving the first priorities to the rich who can scramble. This then has led to high illiteracy, creation of slums, high crime rates.So if population standards are controlled by example introducing and sensitising people on the issue of using contraceptives, keeping people in schools especially women who can go up to high institutions of learning hence making them concentrate in books and by the time they destine of marriage, they are old enough not to give birth to too many children as compared to when they are out of school making them marry early and bearing many children.The issue of education, population control will improve both the economic growth and standards of living in the long run (World Economic Forum). Another very crucial thing is and that we in the world today cannot do without is the fact that of the machineries figure and innovation. This was not i n the past, but today it has actually improved our majority standards of living. It is a fact that even the poor man at least can tolerate roughly kind of machinery for instance he or she may not afford a television set but may afford a small radio of about three dollars.This is because it is extremely important to listen to and know what is going on in the world through that small radio an issue that was not there in the past though people at that time were still comfortable because these machineries were not there. This hence is seen that economic growth is vats and can accommodate everyone. This means that despite the economic growth, there are still some cheap commodities that can be afforded by the crushed level people so as to sleep together their lives.The economic growth is also seen to incorporate the non professional activities for example engaging in vegetable sales, horse garment shining, house helps and so on. Not everyone has a professional duty like teaching nurs ing, etc yet even the non professional people must live and enjoy their lives. By doing their non-professional duties, they also actively participate in economic growth. For instance, a person doing the shoe shine job will have to buy the shoe polish hence contributing to the economic growth of the shoe polish company.On the other side of the economic growth, which is also to a lesser extent, I see its further expansions to be unnecessary and especially when its undesirable effects are considered from a true cost perspective rather than form a true benefit perspective (World Economic Forum). As I have discussed in the previous paragraphs, everyone cannot be the same in terms of gifts and talents, in brain, strength, authority and understanding. There must be both scurvy and high level people. This also applies in the standard of living which is determined by the economic growth.For sure it is true that it affects people differently. In the real world, today, this economic growth has made the rich richer and the poor poorer. This hence has made the poor group to look at economic growth as an enemy. This is mainly because the poor have not been given a vista to enjoy the changes that come with economic growth. For instance, most of the poor people are not reckoner literates hence when employment opportunities come up, the first requirement is computer literacy which completely excludes them from the race even when one had the potential of doing that job.These computer courses are mainly provided in the schools of the rich (Inter home(a) Chamber of Commerce, Business charter for sustainable Development, 1990). Economic growth has been accompanied by a wad of bureaucracy. The rich people have taken the top levels and the poor people the low levels. It becomes very difficult for the one at the shadow to reach the one at the top. Before one reaches to the top from the bottom he or she must have used a lot of time, some little finances so as to get favours fro above.Those favours mainly may not be there because the ones at the top always are interested in doing things that favour and benefit them especially when it comes to finances thus rendition the poor back to or get stuck in poor living standards (World commission for Environment and development, 1987). When it comes to dispersal of resources, it is clearly seen that some sections in countries are not considered or given priorities. This then instead of improving their standards of living through economic growth, they continue to deteriorate.A good example is usually when the politicians especially the presidents in the third world countries who give priorities to their regions of origin neglecting the other regions. This is even worse when a certain region has got no representative in the government hence making them curse the economic growth (World Economic Forum). In summary, I have discussed that economic growth is for raising the living standards to a larger extent in that It helps improve the capacity of manpower thus encouraging participation to improve the living standards Because everyone wants to olive in a good standard population will be controlled and hence more savings for more economic growth. Education is seen as an important factor leading to both economic growth and standard of living though in the long run Employment opportunities which leads to earnings and savings hence considering both the economic growth and living standards as valuable Economic growth being vats that is conform to both the rich and the poor through machinery.An example is if one cannot afford a television then he r she can buy a radio which he or she can afford to listen to hence seen as improved his or her standards of living. it has too much bureaucracy making low level people not reach the top people Top people are seen as selfish and just for issues that benefit them especially finances. Poor people not given a chance to enjoy changes that come with econo mic growth for example computer literacy which is mainly taught in schools for the rich.In conclusion, economic growth is important to our living standards but can be disastrous especially when others are deprive of it. This ends up creating gaps between people hence leading to other social problems. There is a low level of economic growth rate. Economists researchers have maintained that in order for economy to realize good standard of living 10% increase in her economy is necessary, she must invest 10 % of her national income.Reduce consumption, increase investments or savings at same time reduce the family size children or they end up in vicious cycle of poverty. There is a lot of pressure in terms of provision of social services in un developed world. This leads to difficulty in distributing resources equally. It is also pricy because of the large numbers thus social service provision becomes inadequate. It is seen to be affecting the nature of social services for example leadi ng to poor housing and low quality of education.

The House of the Scorpion Essay Example for Free

The House of the Scorpion EssayWe all grow up at some point in our lives, but when you are forced to make mature decisions before they contribute all the necessary skills can make your childhood unpleasant as well as difficult. Matteo Alacran, a boy from the nation of Opium, was not brought into this world like the rest of us he was placed interior the womb of a cow, where he grew, until being cut out. This changed the way existencey people would look at him in his life. He was a clone to many until his world was turned upside down by himself.Growing up isnt as easy as it sounds, when most people consider you to be a monster, however those people who see the true inner qualities of a person are the ones we should discover friend. Matt was raised in the middle of a poppy field, where he learned basic skills such as reading writing and talking. He was raised by his caregiver Celia she loved him like he was her own. He left home with the Alacran children, this is where he woul d be outcast and imprisoned before he could say hello.His completely friend was Maria, because she was the only one who would talk to him even off if he couldnt talk back. Matt was panicky of Steven and Emilia, but Maria was different. She was his size and didnt make him feel bad (32). They would learn each another(prenominal)s ways and Maria would be the only one to give him essential care to grow. Marias troupe leads to Matt regaining his ability to talk. But not before he meets El Patron, an old man with many secrets. His life is now spent in a wheel chair with two trunk guards, Tam Lin and Daft Donald, to look after his wellbeing.Tam Lin is now Matts companion he takes him on adventures to the far-off land, one of which leading to the discovery of eejits. These are brain implanted, walking zombies so to say, who are programed to have no feelings, show no emotion, and/or work till exhaustion. The man is dead. Heat or lack of water killed him. The cleanup crews at the end of the day will find him (78). Learning nearly troubles that you will face in the real world is a key part of growing, if you dont know whats out there youre bound to get hurt or even killed.

Mastery in skills of the five senses Essay Example for Free

Mastery in skills of the five senses look forThis writer believes all clawren need ascendence in skills of the five senses. For this purpose, preschool age clawren result be taught how to commence a peanut butter sandwich. The lesson give be presented in a sequential relationship. Materials to be apply are spoonful, bread, peanut butter, and wax paper. This lesson will take place in the kitchen section of the classroom. The lesson will cast down with a question as to how many of the children like peanut butter sandwiches.If there are children who do not like it, they will still participate in the lesson and not eat the sandwich. If a child is allergic, they will be individually taught on how to make another sandwich utilizing the same amount of t carrys, and basal procedure. The class will then be split into pairs, because there is a ratio of 41, children tidy sum be easily supervised. The instructor will present a lesson on how to make the sandwich, from getting t he spoon out of the drawer, to wrapping the sandwich in wax paper.After the t to each oneer has taught the lesson, the children will then deport to attempt to master the skill. They will work in pairs to help each other figure it out, and they will have to learn how to get along as there will be few to spoons. ply will be required to assist children with spreading of the peanut butter or wrapping it in the paper. However, after the lesson is presented to the class, the children will work independently, each one responsible for the sandwich. The lesson the teacher will gather the children in the kitchen area of the classroom.The teacher will then list and describe all the materials needed. Speaking out loud, the teacher will say exactly what they are doing, while the children are watching (i. e. taking a spoon out of the drawer, opening the jar of peanut butter, bread, spreading, and wrapping). The teacher will then state that there are only enough spoons for half the class and the y will have to share. Once every child has make a sandwich, the teacher will lead the class outside to eat their sandwiches along with bananas.The teacher will instruct the whole class on how to use bananas with the sandwich by instructing how to mash the banana by using the peel. In order to gauge mastery of the lesson, staff will observe two pairs each (four children). The staff will have a check sheet for all tasks involved in the lesson. If a child fails at a task, the staff will point put the missed step and ask the child to repeat it. However, if a child is unable to spread the peanut butter but demonstrates motivation, staff will assist without marking the sheet.Since the whole class will be tested on mastery of skill, the teacher will ask the children to make a peanut butter sandwich for lunch near once a month. In addition, the teacher will introduce new ingredients, such as apples, celery, and pamper to further motivate the children to share, to learn the foundations of non-heat cooking, and to instill self-confidence in the children as they master each skill. By using a task oriented lesson, presented logically and step by step, the teacher is ensuring that each child masters the making of a simple sandwich independently.

How to build a computer Essay Example for Free

How to build a com specifyer EssayEvery full functioning computer is made of the same basic components and present Ill walk through the basic hardw atomic number 18 youll guide for your first build. There ar several(prenominal) components a computer. However, its important to first understand what individually component does. The central processing unit (CPU) is the like the disposition of a computer, the thing that carries out the tasks you give it. Better CPUs can complete more tasks at at one time, and perform them faster. Not everyone takes full advantage of their processors full speed, so the high-end processers are only re aloney regarded if youre playing intensive things like gaming or video editing. Its also one of the most expensive part of a computer, so if you arent doing these types of things, you dont need to bargain for the latest and greatest. An another(prenominal) expensive part is the motherboard connects all the other components to each other, and i s the physical base that you build everything else onto. It contains a lot of your machines core features, like the identification number of USB ports, the number of expansion rallys you can put in (like video, sound, and Wi-Fi), and also determines how big your computer willing be. The motherboard you buy will depend on the type of user you are. The case holds all of your computers parts together.For the most part, a case is less about features that affect how your computer displaces and more about features that affect you and your home. Still, its an important thoughtfulness that is dependent on your other choices, so you might indirect request to think about everything before get one. Make sure the case buy will hold motherboard. force, or Random Access Memory, is like your computers short-term memory. It stores data your computer needs quick access to help your programs run faster, and help you run more programs at one time. That basically means the more you want to do a t once the more bundle youll need.The graphics card, or GPU, is a processor designed to handle graphics. Its what you hook your observe up to, and its what draws your desktop and your windows on the screen. Some motherboards come with a GPU already integrated, which is enough to manage your desktop, further not enough for watching high definition video or playing games. Your hard exacts are what store all of your data, ranging from your operating system to your documents, music, and movies. If the RAM is your computers short-term memory, your hard take is the long-term memory. It stores the things you want to keep around for a while.An optical drive, more commonly known as a CD or DVD drive is what youll use to read CDs, DVDs, and even Blu-Ray discs. Not everyone needs an optical drive in his/her computer, unless youll need one to install anything from a disc. The final major component youll need is the precedent supply. This does just as the name implies, it powers the compu ter. Depending on what you plan on using the computer for will determine the size of power supply youll need. Just as I said with picking the case, have got a bun in the oven to pick this out until you figure out how much power youll need.Now that Ive told you about all the components that make up a computer its time to start decision making which to use. While deciding make sure you read everything because youll need to make sure everything is compatible. Now that youve bought all your components, its time for the molybdenum of truth Youre ready to actually put together the machine. Assembling your computer can seem daunting, but its actually pretty easy. Heres what you need to do. To start, open up your cases box, take out the case, and open it up. Usually this involves un shaging a few thumb screws on the second of your case and sliding the side panels off.Take a dear(p) look around your case and get acquainted note where the hard drive bay laurels are, where your CD drive will go, whether the power supply dupes on the top or the bottom, and so on. There should also be a notecase of screws inside your case grab that now and set it aside because well need it in a few minutes. Open up your motherboard box and take out the I/O shield, which is the metal plate that protects the ports on the back of your motherboard. You should see a rectangular space in the back of your case where this should go. Snap it into place. This takes quite a oddball of force, so make sure all intravenous feeding sides are snapped in securely.Next, pull out your motherboard and line up the ports on the back with the I/O shield. You should see that the holes on your motherboard line up with screw holes on the bottom of your case. There are probably more holes on your case than thither are on your motherboard, so note which ones these are, and grab your motherboard standoffs from your bag of screws (they have a male screw end on one side, and a female screw hole on the other side). Screw the standoffs into those holes, and set your motherboard on top of them. Screw your motherboard screws into the standoffs so the motherboard is snugly mounted.Open up your processors box and gently take it out. Your processor is one of the more breakable parts, so this is one step in which youll want to be careful. Find the corner of your processor that has a coin arrow on it, and then look at your motherboards processor socket for a similar arrowed corner. Line these ii arrows up this is the direction your processor will go into the socket. Lift up the lever on the processor socket and put your processor in (Intel motherboards might also have a mop up you have to rustle up first). Pull the lever down to lock it into place.Again, do this gentlyit shouldnt require any feats of authorisation on your part, so if it isnt falling into place easily, nighthings wrong. Take it out and try re-setting it, make sure your deuce arrows are lined up, and of course, double check that your motherboard and processor are of the same socket type. at once your processors in, grab the ice chest that came with your processor (remember, if you got an OEM processor you have to buy a cooler separately). It should already have some notes thermal paste on the bottom. If not, youll need to pick some up from the computer store and put a very thin line on your processor.Installing RAM is very simple. Find the RAM sockets on your motherboard, and pull the two clips on the side down. Line up the notch in your RAM stick with the notch in the socket, and press the RAM down into place. This might take a bit of pressure, so dont worry about being overly gentle. The clips should snap back into place when the RAM is fully in the socket. For your video card (or any other PCI expansion card), find the topmost slot that fits your card and match that up with its plate on the back of the case. Remove that plate and slide the PCI cards wall bracket in its place.The card should then be sitting on top of the socket, and all you need to do is press down to lock it into place. Then screw the bracket onto the case. Every case is a olive-sized bit different in how they install hard drives. Generally, there are two methods on some cases, you have to pull out a hard drive tray, put the drive in, screw it in securely, and then slide the tray back in. Other motherboards just require you to slide the bare drive into the bay and then screw it in snug after the fact. Check your cases manual for more detailed book of instructions on this case.The optical drive should be pretty self-explanatory. Just pull out the plastic cover on one of your 5. 25 drive bays and slide in your optical drive. Screw it into place if necessary. Once everything else is in, its time to install your power supply and rechewed food everything in. (Note that if your case came with a power supply, you can get across this step, as itll already be installed). It should be pretty obvious where your p ower supply goes, as there will be a big rectangular hole on the back of your case. Some power supplies mount on the top, while some sit on the bottom of the case.Generally, they mount with the fan face away from the edge of the case, unless that case has enough space in between the power supply mount and the end of the case to allow for airflow. Now that you have built your computer its time to plug it in and power it. From here its time to install an operating system (OS). There are several OS to pick from. The more common are Microsoft Windows and Linux. Each OS installs differently and each user has their own preference. Once you pick an OS read the instructions provided to install it. Now that you have installed the OS you now have a fully functioning computer that youve built.

Oil Paintings Essay Example for Free

Oil Paintings EssayThe embrocate video technique traces its roots all the way back to a time between the fifth and ninth coulomb when it was first used in Western Afghanistan, yet it was made famous and the premier kernel of expression by the Renaissance movement in the 15th century by men care Leonardo Da Vinci and Raphael (Davide 46). The reason the anele blushing mushrooming technique gained this newfound popularity was due in bad part to its ability to convey things such(prenominal) as human flesh more accurately piece of music overly giving the painter weeks in drying time to work. However, in order for us to properly recognise the oil painting technique, we must first understand its composition and ability to create. The paint itself is created apply dickens elements pigments and oil. The pigments are dry colorants, such as mineral salts and other earth types, ground-up into a fine powder and separated by color. But since the pigments could not adhere to th e painting al unmatched, oil was used as a binder to do just that. Typically, linseed oil was used because it can polymerize, and at that placefore is a drying oil (Mayer, Ralph, and Sheehan 123).However, other oils such as walnut oil, sunflower oil, and tung oil are also used, in particular if the mechanic would want to alter the drying times of the paint or lessen faint colors. A intimately example of an artist who even used different oils in the same painting was Leonardo Da Vinci, who used a combination of oils while painting Adoration of the Maji, which some speculate was for the benefit of the artist to takeover this unfinished work (www. henryfordgroup. org). supererogatoryly, there are other elements to the composition of the oil painting that back up altar the paint.In order to cook up alterations and correct elements, artists like to paint multiple layers this also gives them the prodigality of stripping off the paint already applied to the gesso (white glue that covers the medium on which the painting allow for be applied) without ruining the portions, which they would like to remain permanent. However, for the artist to do this, they need to apply thin layers of paint initially (under painting), essence they must mix the oil with a solvent such as white spirits or turpentine to dilute the oil.This is especially good for the artist using the fat over lean ethod, where each layer of paint contains more oil than the previous layer. Additional additives would also include varnishes that are usually made from damar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine, therefrom sealing the work and giving the painting a greater glossiness (Davide 47). The advantages of oil paintings include posture and versatility oil paintings completed using proper drying time and properly created are actually durable. Oil itself is non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning it will repel water, a key element in the deterioration of many pieces of art.Furthermore, oil very dr ies through oxidization, in which non-polar covalent bonds are governed by the ionic forces between functional groups and the metal ions expose in the pigment (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). The consequential result is a stable film thats bit of cinch helps prevent any bleeding or flow from gravitational pull. In terms of versatility, varnishes allow for one to work on and complete independent elements over a vast time frame, while also the stripping of the varnish allow for the proper cleaning of paintings after many years of display.Moreover, the fine pigments ground into the oil allow for greater optical effect and translucency, which makes things such as human skin pop far more life-like. And with the use of a smooth surface greater lightness is reflected in the oil painting, which the varnish will help accentuate color and depth (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). This is due to the multiple refractions the varnish helps create, indeed creating more perspective in the painting itself. There arent many disadvantages when it comes to oil painting, yet there are issues with drying time, aging, and blending.Drying time is an advantage to quite a few artists, yet those who like to use a sequence of washes in quick succession often find the oil painting technique vexed (Davide 48). Also, most curators would tell you that it takes from 60-80 years for an oil painting to finish drying. Aging cites also are a major disadvantage, especially when artists use linseed oil, which tends to yellow or darken with age. However, this aging can be stifled if the artist has the proper tools.Finally, blending can also be a key concern because the oil tends to blur together causing the painting to become muddy and taking away from istinctive properties. The oil painting technique is typically applied to a canvas that is composed of a linen or cotton cloth and wooden stretcher. The canvas can then be coated with animal glue and primed with a mixture of white paint and chalk. This medium has been very popular since the 16th century however, other mediums for oil paintings such as panels, linoleum, paper, and slate were also used (Davide 48). The canvas, though, was highly regarded for its lightweight, cheaper, and not inclined(predicate) to warping like a panel.In conclusion, the oil painting technique is still a very popular method used by artists today. However, many artists dont make their own paint, quite a they buy tubes from specialty stores, but still many of them stress the importance of knowing the components of the paint in which they are using. And as a result, those artists are able to showcase their works to the best of their abilities, because their understanding of the materials allows them to make adjustments and highlight key elements, thus putting their knowledge on par with the great painters of the Renaissance.

Quality Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

fiber Early Childhood Education EssayThis essay pass oning identity three of quality indicators which link up to early childhood education ECE trained module, small group size, and partnership with parents and families, then discuss round why they are serious for children, parents and society.Firstly, young children should be cared by trained staff. Rouse and Tarrant (2001) stated staff should have postgraduate qualification, training, experience, and positive attitudes working with young children. Educators with high acknowledge are able to fork up appropriate care and learning activities. Therefore, not only will children improve their social skills, but their parents will also get valued support and information (Rouse Tarrant, 2001). In addition, small group size plays an important role in quality ECE. This means the children learn more, get on smash with others, express themselves better and feel good about themselves (Rouse Tarrant, 2001, p.13). For example, if chi ldren are well organized to watch how a butterfly to dumbfound hatching from the chrysalis, they tin observe more carefully by asking interesting questions. During this play, children can seduce advantage on making good relationships and intensive conversations. Without doubt, children will feel more valued and ensure (Rouse Tarrant, 2001).Finally, it is vital for centres to have good partnership with parents and families. Both staff and parents should recognize childrens education is consistent learning which based on their families customs, values and beliefs (Grey, 1999). This means they need to respect and trust each other.This can be achieved by working together with decision-making (Ministry of Education, 1998). Obviously, they will get more opportunities to discuss how to improve childrens development more efficiently. Consequently, both parenting skills and childrens self-confidence will be enhanced, and the society will be the real winner as children are a previous res ource for future society (Rouse Tarrant, 2001).To conclude, children will get long-term benefits, if they play in a small group, and be educated by high quality staffs who work with parents.And these benefits will extend to their family and the whole society as well. (332 words)

Resume Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Resume Cover Letter endeavorI am submitting the enclosed resume for the Resident Assistant position, which first appeared to me through Facebook. My background of guest service and education will help me apply for this position. First of all, I would love to be a Resident Assistant. I enjoy working with former(a)s, and helping people solve their problems. I know creation a RA will help me in many ways. I will be equal to(p) to make new friends and get to know people better I will have a higher chance getting into future jobs with this experience, and I will be a leader for other people in need to follow. When I worked at McDonalds for more than a year I learned how exactly to talk to people. You might think working at McDonalds would not score me for anything in life, but I learned when to be polite and when to be stern when frustrated customers would come down to me complaining about their food. I had to deal with many uncomfortable situations which I knew how to deal with perfectly. I serve to stay calm in stressful situations.I am enthusiastic about exploring new opportunities with this job. I want to thank you for taking time to read my letter, and I hope to meet with you about this job.

Great Expectations And Relate These To The Novel As A Whole Essay Example for Free

Great Expectations And Relate These To The original As A Whole EssayDiscuss the Signifi passelce Of The Events, Which Occur In Chapter Eighteen of Great Expectations And Relate These To The Novel As A Whole I shall now discuss the significance of chapter eighteen, and how the effects of this chapter relate to the only novel, Great Expectations. In Great Expectations, the names of the characters symbolize their soulalities. For example, Biddy is a very timid person who will do your bidding obligingly. Then bump off is a small and insignificant sounding name, precisely like the actual character is. Jaggers, is a man with sharp wit, and features, he has a push around manner, which can cut you up in front of an audience, just like a jagged knife. stain on his first encounter with Jaggers comments on how the smell of scented soap came from his hand. This is symbolism. One does non wash ones custody unless they ar dirty, and since Jaggers is a criminal lawyer, they must be p rone to doing illegal or immoral acts, in order to save his clients. Hence, he al directions has to wash his hands, in a sense, so that he is non caught by the courts, and found guilty of anything.To prevent any legal trouble, Jaggers puts a lot of thought into the way he phrases his dealings with clients. He makes certain(a) that he does not give any personal opinions, and makes sure that the clients remember the dealings as he requirements them to, so if they are questioned, then his name does not flow up for recommending, or ordering the client to commit any actions of moral or legal wrongdoing. For example, when he is dealing with Pip, he makes sure that Pip rephrases his statement, much obliged for his (Jaggers) recommendation since Jaggers recommending anything, can be counted as being involved with the crime. He makes sure that Pip uses the word mention instead. This is how Jaggers makes sure his hands are clean of any dirt, because he n eer recommends anybody Jaggers jo b is a performance for him. He is a performer, and a better one then Wopsle, which is proved when he battles with him slightly the highly popular murder. One of Jaggers performances is with his hankie that he pulls out whenever he wants a person to confess some knowledge to him.This is because it makes the audience want to confess before he sneezes, it is a dramatic performance, and has aided Jaggers many times. This tells us a slice about the legal expert system in those times, where defending criminals, and getting them off the death sentence was a performance of techniques, and bullying the jury into letting off the criminals. This shows how the justice system in the days was not efficient at putting the real criminals out of the streets, since a few dramatic movements and a bullying of the jury could sway the scales of justice the wrong way.Dickens is a great social critic, and he criticizes the inefficiency of the justice system in those days. The justice system would be le ss harsh on criminals who were valet, then on criminals who were not. If you knew the right people, wore the right clothes, and looked the right part, you were more likely to get away with the crime. Also if you were a piece this made you less reason to have commit a crime in the first place(in the judge eyes), and youll get a lighter sentence then if you were coarse and common.A perfect example of this is the Magwitch/Compeyson trial. Although it was truly Compeyson that led Magwitch aside, because he knew the right people and because he was a gentleman, he managed to pass most of the goddamned onto Magwitch. Compeyson got a sentence of seven years, and Magwitch fourteen years, just because Compeyson was a gentleman. In chapter 18, when Jaggers is discussing with Pip and Joe the situation of Pip having Great Expectations, he offers Joe a salary (Wemmicks property) for the loss of his (Pip) servicesJoe denies the compensation, but Jaggers, who is completely, shocked of this new s keeps on badgering him, because he thinks Joe is a fool not to accept the money. He also says, Brag is a good dog, but that holdfast is better which means that Jaggers is telling Joe, to say he doesnt want the compensation is nothing, but to actually keep by the word is something else. Joe to everyones surprise gets up in a inclination of rage, to fight Jaggers, for badgering him in his own home. This shows us that Joes character is un-materialistic, and to be offered money is not something he is pleased by, as a replacement for his friend.It also shows us that Joe is not the type of man who can be bullied in his own home, by a man like Jaggers. Jaggers thinks Joe is a fool for not accepting the compensation offered. This shows us that the type of clients Jaggers deals with are probably materialistic, and not very moralistic, and maybe Jaggers himself has suffer like this by working with those types, and to meet someone who is noble and honest, like Joe, must be quite rare and surprising to him. Pip has Great Expectations of becoming a gentleman, of getting out of his social class, ever since Estella had criticized him of his course hands.Although, when Pip is about to finally get his wish he starts to become unknowingly dissatisfied, he feels he does not want to leave his old life too, subconscious mindly he will drop off the love and care he has received from Joe, and newly from Biddy. In some ways, his great expectations have failed, and shall put out to as his life progresses. Also, Pip starts to become snobbish, and disloyal to his people He accuses the caring people he has known his whole life, to act coarse and common if he were to go and show them his gentlemen clothes.This tells us about Pips character, he is the type who would leave his old friends behind, for a better, more promising life. Although, somewhere in his subconscious Pip feels guilty for these acts, and he suffers because he knows he is acting basely. When the older Pip on reflec ts the egoistic acts he had committed against loved ones when he was young, he criticizes them. When he is discussing with Jaggers about his emerging life, he reflects on how he was so ready to leave and so unthankful to Joe.At the time, Pip was thinking of his future as a Gentleman, of how his Great Expectations will be fulfilled, and he was being selfish at the time, for not being grateful for what Joe had given him so far. Although, elder Pips reflection is very different, he realizes his mistakes and says how he sees Joe again, how wrong Joe felt because Pip was going to leave him, how he still feels his strong and faithful arm upon his get up as if it had been the rustle of an angels wing Another example is when he says to Biddy, You are envious, Biddy, and grudging.You are dissatisfied on account of my rise in fortune, and cant help showing it. I think this behavior by Pip is the worst because he thinks that he is superior to Biddy, who is so timid, and caring. The elder Pip criticizes on his actions here, for public speaking in a virtuous and superior tone When Pip was got his wish to become a gentleman, through Jaggers, he became emotionally blind. Even when Joe and Biddy, congratulated Pip on his fortune of going to become a gentleman there was a certain touch of sadness in their congratulations that I rather resented. This really shows how foolhardy and unfeeling Pip was at that time. Since the touch of sadness was actually because they both love Pip, and shall break loose him and his company once he is gone. The significance of chapter 18 is great, since it is the chapter where Pip gets his wish to finally become a gentleman. Also, it is where we, the audience, see how emotionally blind, and how focused on the superficial things about a person Pip begins to become. It is where Pip and we are introduced to the bullying figure of Jaggers, and also the foreshadowing hint of Pips unhappiness in his life to come.

Kingdoms of Egypt and Nubia Essay Example for Free

Kingdoms of Egypt and Nubia EssayHistorians once thought that the human race began with the flannel Greek and Romans. Present day archaeologists are telling us that the cradle of civilization is in the Nile valley of Africa. Two rival kingdoms called Egypt and Nubia have much in common but they also have their eccentric deflexions. In my essay I will explore some of these similarities and differences.Egypt and Nubia were both ruled by monarchy, which shows that they had an advance form of political organization. Archeologists findings show that the symbols of Nubian royalty are the same as those of Egyptian Kings. They believed that they were god-Kings and built prominent pyramids to spend eternity surrounded by there riches to keep them comfortable after death. The difference between the Egyptian and the Nubian monarchy is that the Egyptian monarchies were all male rulers but Nubians monarchies were both male and female and held effect jointly.Egypt and Nubia both traded with other countries to acquire the goods they desired. Egypt had few natural resources but was involved in manufacturing glass, paper, perfume, cosmetics and fine linen fabric. Egypt wanted to trade these for the different products from Central Africa. Nubia had many natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper, frankincense, iron ore, hardwood timber, ostrich feathers, leopard skins and elephants. Nubia traded these along with their pottery and manufactured goods. The powerful, wealthy black Nubians Kings controlled the trade routes between central Africa and Egypt, which is one suit why Egypt eventually attacked and conquered Nubia.Egyptians and Nunians both believed in the god-Amun (the ram-head god). The Egyptians thought the silhouette of the mountain at Gebel Barkel looked like a cobras head which is a sign of royal power. They believed that the god-Amun lived there so they built a temple to him. Thus, its considered to be a sacred mountain, perhaps the holiest place in t he Nile valley. It is where the pharaohs held their crowning ceremonies. The Nubians also believed the god-Amun lived in the mountain. When they conquered Egypt they called on the indorsement of the god-Amun. This was confirmed when archaeologists found a curving of a man making an offering to the god-Amun in the body of alarge temple in Nubia.Both the Egyptians and the Nubians had a system of writing to record central events in their history. The Egyptians use picture literature called hieroglyphs that they curved on the temple walls and on tablets describing events in their lives. The Nubians used an alphabet called meroitic. Historians are hoping to understand this alphabet so that they will be able to read the Nubians writings and discover more about their culture.It is clear that the early African people were a politically organized, dexterous industrious, creative and civilized people worthy of our respect. Probably, due to racial prejudice, it was once thought that black Africans were non capable of producing high civilization. Nubia, the homeland of the earliest black culture may have been the home of the starting time human race on earth.BibliographyEdward Reynolds (1994) Focus on Africa D.C. Health and company. CanadaWho are the Nubians? (Date N/A). Homestead. October 23, 2006.http//www.homestead.com/wysinger/nubians.htmlJamila, White. (1999). Black Kingdoms of the Nile chronological sequence 2. PBS. October 23, 2006http//www.pbs.org/wonders/Episodes/Epi1/1_wondr4.htmJimmy Dunn (Copyright 1999-2003). The Yam of Egypts Old Kingdom. Tour Egypt. October 23, 2006. http//www.touregypt.net/featurestories/yam.htm

The Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs Essay Example for Free

The Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs Essay bingle of the dickens friends were killed, the former(a) managed to escape (Versii). Thirteen more murders followed, a great deal with multiple bodies found in the same day. Two victims were found every day from July 14 through and through the 16 (Lowlifes planned 40 murders) The three suspects were arrested on July 23, 2007. Igor Suprunyuck attempted to sell a mobile think they had stolen from one of their victims at the local pawn shop. When that phone was turned on to show that it worked, its location was track by law enforcement agents. Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko were arrested in the pawn shop (Katsman).Alexander Hanzha was arrested at home, reportedly managing to flush other stolen phones down the toilet. The phones were recovered, but all the information on them was lost (GlavRed). They were charged with 29 separate incidents, including 21 murders and 8 more attacks where the victims survived. Suprunyuck was charged with 27 of th e cases, Sayenko was charged with 25, and Hanzha with counts of armed robbery (Kommersant). Ally three confessed quickly, Suprunyuck subsequent withdrew his confession. Suprunyucks original defense awyer dropped out of the case after reportedly being disappointed at failing to nominate a plea of insanity accepted by his client (Segodyna). On February 11, 2009, the mash in Dnepropetrovsk found Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko guilty of premeditated murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Alexander Hanzha, who was found guilty of robbery and sentenced to nine years in prison (Olinikova). Hanzha said of Suprunyuck and Sayenko If I had known the atrocities that they were capable of commiting, I would take not gone near them at gunpoint (Dnepropetrovsk serial killers sentenced to life imprisonment).The parents of Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko repeated their printing in the innocence of their sons. The parents of Suprunyuck and Sayenko also argued that the sentence of Alex ander Hanzha had been too lenient (Segondnya). From what ive read, the murderers didnt hand a specific motive. Local media reported that the killers had a plan to get rich from the murder tv sets that they recorded. unrivalled of the suspects girlfriends reported that they were planning to make forty videos of separate murders.This was corroborated by the suspects former classmates, who claimed that he often hear Suprunyuck was in contact with an unknown rich foreign website creator who ordered forty snuff videos, and would hold a large sum of money once they were made (Lowlifes planned 40 murders). Regional guarantor chief, Ivan Stupak, rejected the claim that the murders had been committed to make internet snuff videos, saying that no evidence had bonk to the light during the investigation that supported the claim (Segodnya).Detective Bogdan Vlasenko stated We think they were doing it as a hobby, to have a collection of memories when they get old (Segodnya). Deputy interior minister, Nikolay Kupyanskiy, commented For these young men, murder was like fun or hunting (Dnepropetrovsk Maniacs captured ). At the trial, it emerged that Suprunyuck had collected newspaper cuttings about the case (Segodnya). Some of the photographs of the crimes had captions added, including The weak moldiness die. The strongest will conquer (Segodnya). The suspects mobile phones and personal computers contained multiple video recordings of the murders taking place. star full video was leaked on the internet, showing the murder of 48-year-old Sergei Yatzenko. He is seen lying on his back in a sylvan area, and is struck repeatedly in the face with a hammer held inside a plastic bag. One of the attackers stabs Yatzenko in the eye with a screwdriver, and also stabs him in the abdomen with the screwdriver. Yatzenko is then struck with the hammer in order to ensure that he is dead.The attack lasts over four minutes, during which the victim lapses in and out of consciousness. One of the murderers sens be successful towards the camera during the video (Shocking Murder Video Makes Rounds on the net profit). Personally ive seen the video and I wish I could take back every minute of it. The suspects were also found in possession of multiple photographs showing them attending funerals of the victims. They can be seen smiling and flipping off the coffins and gravestones (Killers captured death of victims on video (with television news video)).The photographic and video evidence was shown in court on October 29, 2008, as part of a larger presentation of over 300 photographs and two videos (Leontieva). In conclusion, my opinion on the murders is that they were horrible. There had to be something mentally wrong with them. No one can do something like that and not have any kind of sympathy, without something being wrong with them. The Dnepropetrovsk Maniac murders were emphatically some of the worst killings in the last 100 years.

Human Carbonic Anhydrase II

Human Carbonic Anhydrase IIHuman carboniferous anhydrase II is one of the prompt studied enzymes cognize with a variety of percentages in reply catalysis. Its native function is to catalyze the reversible hydration answer of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon dioxide hydration, it is similarly adequate to(p) of early(a) latent skills, such as catalyzing esterase activity. The ability of human carbonic anhydrase II to function as a catalyst derives from key residues in and around the bustling site that play of the essence(p) roles in the mechanism. Substitutions to two of those particular key amino acids were performed via Quick-change site directed muta agentsis H64A and V142D, to investigate the particular role they bring in the catalytic energetic site. Various kinetic experiments and structural analyses were performed on wild-type carbonic anhydrase and the mutants to fleck and compare their activity to each other and to literature, including Michaelis-Menten pa rameters for PNPA hydrolysis, carbonic acid gas hydration, and inferring function molecular(a) manikin. Though the same trends stick come in be seen as the literature, individual values were found to be much unkepter owing to errors in measurement and equipment. Trends were found to coincide with the mutants known roles in the active site His64 is the proton shuttle that facilitates proton transfer during the outrank throttle step and Val142 participates in the hydrophobic pocket to bind and recruit substrates to interact with the active site. Mutations to twain of these sites show that enzyme efficiency and activity strongly decreases.IntroductionHuman carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) is a surface metalloenzyme that catalyzes the fol ruggeding reversible reaction . The enzyme commonly functions to help shuttle carbon dioxide in red split cells to rid the body of metabolic waste, and catalyzes the hydrolysis of many aromatic esters 1, 2. Structurally, a coat ion is located in the active site, coordinated to 3 histidine residues (H94, H96, H119) and normally a hydroxide ion or water grain 2.The mechanism of hCAII retort through two major steps 1) the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, and 2) the regeneration of Zn-OH by proton transfer. The active hydroxide that is bound to zinc nucleophilically attacks a virtuallyby carbon dioxide molecule, resulting in a bicarbonate ion fertilization to zinc 3. The zinc-oxygen bond breaks to afterward release a bicarbonate ion, which is replaced with water 3. The ZnOH bond is regenerated by a proton transfer to the external buffer, which is facilitated by the His64 residue 3. The proton transfer step is the rate limiting step of the reaction 3. The diazole show upion chain on the histidine residue is what gives it the ability to be a proton acceptor and donor. Mutations in that position (His64) usually result in decreased enzyme activity due to a lack of proton transfer however the reaction does pro ceed to a lesser degree without an active His residue, possibly due to its extensive water profits in the active site forming secondary proton wires 4.Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes one of the most rapid reactions it is one of the fastest enzymes studied 1. Its reaction speed is due, in part, by the amphiphilic nature of the active site 1. The hydrophobic side is use to bind carbon dioxide, age the hydrophilic patch functions to optimally bes summit the carbon dioxide molecule for the reaction 1. The hydrophobic wall forms a well-defined pocket near the zinc-hydroxide and is composed of the hounding amino acids Val142, Val121, Leu197 and Trp208. The hydrophilic patch consists of Thr198 and Glu106, which form a hydrogen bond network with the ZnOH to stabilize and orient it for nucleophilic attack on carbon dioxide 2. Therefore, any modifications to the hydrophobic pocket would change its structure, and consequently, its catalytic efficiency 1.In this study, the importance and role of His64 and Val142 to the structure and mechanism of hCAII are inflexible through site-mutagenesis and subsequent characterization of the fresh mutants, H64A (His64 Ala) and V142D (Val142 Asp) via kinetic and structural analysis. The changes that arise from the substitutions whitethorn prove to be applicable to drug synthesis because hCAII is known to be involved in a variety of diseases, for example, Marble brain disease, where genetic mutations in the hCAII gene leads to a deficiency in the enzyme which is an autosomal recessive disease 5. Studies in hCAII mutations can be utilise to formula folding modulators to suppress misfolding which frequently occurs due to hCAII destabilization 5. Another major disease involved with hCAII gene is osteopetrosis. The hCAII genes inactivation decreases osteoclast function in attire, and knowledge of hCAII mutations that inactivate the enzyme may lead to better chthonicstanding of bone remodelling 6. Some carbonic anhydrase diseases u se inhibitors (CAI) to suppress the hCAII as a therapeutic treatment. Inhibitors prevent hCAII activity by inhibiting either of the reaction steps the conversion of CO2 which involves V142 in the hydrophobic pocket, or the rate limiting step, proton transfer, in which His64 is crucial.Experimental ProcedureSite directed mutagenesis via the PCR-based Quick-change method was performed on hCAII as cited in Woolley (2011) for 10 ng and 20 ng wild-type plasmids (hCA2pET24b from Novagen) 7. put off shows the rate of the primers utilize in the PCR reactions. Products of PCR mutagenesis reactions were enumeration on 0.7% agrose gels to specialize size. The gels were run at 150 V in 1X TAE buffer. Red safe dye from intron Biotechnology was used in the agrose gel instead of ethidium bromide for safety fences 7. The standard molecular cant ruler used was a 1 kB desoxyribonucleic acid ladder from Fermentas.Table Primer sequences used in mutagenesis of hCAII in the precedent and lift cathexis for mutants H64A and V142DsportsmanDirectionSequenceMW (Da)%GCTM (C)H64AForwardGGATCCTCAACAATGGTgcTGCTTTCAACGTGGAG107785167ReverseCTCCACGTTGAAAGCAgcACCATTGTTGAGGATCC10709V142DForwardCTGATGGACTGGCCGaTCTAGGTATTTTTTTG98684462ReverseCAAAAAAATACCTAGAtCGGCCAGTCCATCAG9779The enzyme, DpnI, was then used to digest methylated deoxyribonucleic acid (the parent guidebook desoxyribonucleic acid). The desoxyribonucleic acid vector that dribbleed the mutation was transformed into supercompetent E.coli turbo cells from juvenile England Biolabs by heat shock 7. LB-agar plates were prepared to grow the transformed cells necessitateing mutant genes (i.e. H64A and V142D hCAII gene) 7. twain were injected with Kanamycin to run across that the culture that grows will capture the desired mutation 7. A miniprep culture was set-up from the LB-agar plate into LB median(a) to grow one colony for DNA analysis 7.Restriction enzyme mapping was prepared and XhoI and BglII were chosen, they wer e used under buffer 3 for optimal efficiency. Plasmid putification was performed victimization the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit, and then the chosen labour enzymes were carried out and were run on 1% agrose gel 7.A exemplar of the purified DNA was sent to an external follow (ACGT) for commercial sequencing (Sanger dideoxy type) to verify if the mutagenesis occurred correctly. The sequence was analyzed exploitation the program BioEdit. To happen the level of confidence of the sequencing results, the purified DNA was quantified using UV/Vis absorption via a spectrometer 7. The flirt withness was calculated using Ec1(260) as 50 g/mL.Purified plasmid DNA was transformed into E.coli BL2(DE3) cells to initiate protein expression by heat shock, mistakable to the transformation into turbo cells 7. The cells were cultured and a single colony was grown. Once sufficiently grown, ITPG and ZnSO4 were added to induce protein expression 7. SDS-PAGE was used to confirm protein expression and w as analyzed against an unvarnished protein molecular weight marker by Fermentas. The protein and ladder was stained with coo majorityie blue 7.Affinity chromatography was used to purify the mutant hCAII proteins 7. The hyaloplasm used was agrose linked to p-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonamide, exploiting the tight binding that occurs amidst hCAII and sulphonamides. Once purified, the protein was dialyzed using a 6000-8000 Da dialysis membrane to replace the elution buffer with protein buffer and removes the matrix from the protein 7.SDS-PAGE is again used to confirm the protein is still present after purification and to check its approximate molecular weight. It was run for two different amounts of protein, 2 g and 10 g, and also ran 10L of wash fractions from affinity chromatography 7. Protein soaking up was determined by UV absorption at 280 nm in a final concentration of 6M guanidine hydrochloride. From the calculated concentrations, duty of the protein could be assessed via SD S-PAGE.To characterize this purified hCAII protein, a variety of analyses were done. Two types of battalion spectrometry (MS) were performed electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) 7. The MS analysis was used to confirm the presence of the mutation in hCAII with whole and digested protein. Protein samples (H64A and V142D hCAII) were not diluted for either of the MS analyses as cited in Woolley (2010). Samples of 10 L of stock protein concentrations (37.6 M H64A and 3.2 M V142D hCAII) were used for analysis of the molecular weight of the intact protein by ESI-MS. Both mutants were then digested by Trypsin Gold (MS grade) from Promega and the resulting fragments were evaluated by ESI-MS as well 7. A 50 L sample was used for each mutant, 40 L of the mutant at stock concentration and 10 L of the Trypsin Gold. A couple L of the digested mutants were saved for MALDI-MS and the rest was used for ESI-MS. Once the molecular weights for each of the digested fragments were determined by ESI-MS, the products were run through a protein database to confirm the identity of the protein and mutations 7.The 1 L of the tryptically digested mutants prepared for ESI-MS, subsequently underwent MALDI-MS. The 1 L samples were mixed with a matrix consisting of 1 L -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 1 L of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) 7. The entire mixture was pipette onto a MALDI well and was inserted into the mass spectrometer and a MALDI-MS spectra was obtained.Michaelis-Menten kinetics was used to determine the KM and kcat of the p-nitrophenyl (PNPA) hydrolysis reaction 7. The ionized product from the hydrolysis, p-nitrophenol (PNP) produces a bright yellow twist that was used to follow the rate of the reaction via the Perkin Elmer Lambda UV/Vis spectrophotometer 7. Various sample concentrations of PNPA were set up to have a final enzyme concentration of 0.2 M in protein buffer 7. The sign rate measurements of each PNPA c oncentration were taken for wild-type enzyme, H64A mutant, V142D mutant, and a blank with no additional enzyme added (refer to data dodges in Enzyme dynamics I 7). PNP has a molar absorption coefficient () of 1.73-104 M1cm1. This was used to calculate Michaelis-Menten values Vmax, KM, kcat, and kcat/KM 7.The ability of hCAII mutants (H64A and V142D) and wild-type hCAII to catalyze the hydration of CO2 was measured. The pH of the solution was measured to track the progress of the reaction because the reaction generates protons. Enzyme solutions were prepared harmonize to table 2 in 7. The buffer used in the table was 50 mM TRIS buffer (pH 7.8). excess enzyme samples were prepared for 25 nM of wild-type hCAII and 100 nM of H64A mutant in a final concentration of 22.5 and 29.92 mM iminazole buffer (pH 7.8) respectively to determine chemical rescue of mutant H64A. The pH of the CO2 hydration taste was measured using a pH probe and pH meter at 5 second increments for a total of 90 seco nds starting at the beginning of the reaction 7. The slope of the sign changes in the first 2 points was considered to be the V0 for each enzyme concentration. From the initial swiftness, a kcat value can be calculated for each enzyme using the assumption that S KM, the Michaelis-Menten equation simplifies to kcat=V0/E.The third kinetics experiment used fluorescence to determine the binding constant of dansyl amide (DNSA) and acetazolamide (AZ) (from Sigma-Aldrich) to H64A and wild-type hCAII was performed using the Perkin Elmer Fluorometer 7. Stocks of 1 mM and 200 M of DNSA were prepared from a 21.6 mM DNSA stock by dilution with DMSO. Enzyme stocks were diluted to 0.25 M with TRIS buffer to make a 10 mL solution. A 1 mL sample of H64A from stock made was titrated with DNSA in small increments 7. The fluorometer emissions were taken at 470 nm. AZ titration in competition with DNSA was not able to be completed.The last characterization experiment done was molecularly modelling t he hCAII wild-type enzyme, as well as the mutants H64A and V142D. The molecular model of hCAII analyzed was derived by x-ray crystallography and found in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) repository. The wild-type and H64A hCAII structures examined had a PDB code of 1CA2 and 1MOO respectively. At present, no crystal structure has been found for V142D hCAII. The Swiss PDB Viewer program was used to visualize the protein structures. Secondary structures of the proteins were able to be ascertained. Residues around the metal active site and the Ramachandran plot were explored. Homology between hCAII and other carbonic anhydrase isozymes, hCAIV (PDB code 1ZNC) and hCAI (PBD code H1CB), were also studied by performing an iterative magic fit on the -carbons and structure alignment for each pair. The root mean square (RMS) between hCAII and the other isozymes were also analyzed to determine conserved and deviated regions in the structures. The binding of carbon monoxide gas in the hCAII active si te was also investigated (PDB code 3KOI). The structural inhibition of hCAII by AZ was also gleaned by structural analysis (PDB code 3HS4). Its mode of inhibition and binding sites were shown through the crystal structure. Lastly, the Swiss PDB Viewer program was used as a similarlyl to theoretically synthesize mutations and compare it to the veritable structure as determined by other scientists, for example, by aligning the virtual and crystallized mutations to determine deviations in structure by performing RMS.ResultsSite-directed mutagenesis PCR. Products from the PCR mutagenesis reactions were examined using 0.7% agrose gel electrophoresis. Two samples of differing amounts of template DNA (10 ng and 20 ng) were used for each mutant ( flesh ). Bands were only observed for samples containing 20 ng of the hCA2pET24b DNA template plasmid ( material body ). The size of the bands observed coincides with the size of the plasmid used, 6018 bp.Heat shock transformation and isolation o f plasmid. several(prenominal) colonies were observed after plasmid transformation for two mutants, and 1 colony from each mutant was chosen for restriction enzyme digest with BglII and XhoI.Figure Electrophoretic run on 0.7% agrose gel of DNA of hCAII mutants from PCR mutagenesis reactions. Lane 1 is the GeneRuler ladder by Fermentas and lanes 10-13 are the following V142D (10 ng), V142D (20 ng), H64A (10 ng), and H64A (20 ng). As suggested from the gel, the mutants in the 20 ng plasmid was more than successful than the 10 ng plasmids in determining relative molecular weights. Both mutants in the 20 ng plasmid show a band at approximately the 6000 base pair mark, which coincides with the derive of base pairs in the hCA2pET24b plasmid that was used (6018 base pairs).Quantification of pure plasmid DNA. A 1/twentieth dilution was carried out on the purified DNA with elution buffer (EB 0.1 M Tris, 0.4 M KSCN, pH 7). The absorption of the diluted DNA at 260 nm and 280 nm was taken by a UV/Vis spectrophotometer and the relative DNA purity was determined (Table ). The assumption that Ec1 260 = 50 g/mL for DNA was applied in the calculation of concentrated and diluted concentrations of purified DNA (Table ).Table Relative DNA purity for mutants V142D and H64A determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometer absorbance at 260 and 280 nm. Calculated concentrations of mutants from absorbance data, where Ec1 260 = 50 g/mL.MutantWavelength, Absorbance UnitsRelative DNA Purity (A260/A280)Concentrated (g/mL)Diluted (g/mL)V142D260 nm0.31171.7852311.7015.59280 nm0.1746H64A260 nm0.26531.7581265.3013.27280 nm0.1509Enzyme restriction digest. Purified plasmid DNA of mutants were digested with XhoI and BglII, separately and together in a single and double digest for both mutants. The digested and undigested samples were run on 1% agrose gel, and 2 bands were observed around the 6000 and 7000 bp marker for all 8 samples (Figure , Figure ). The expected length of the bands in the double digest should be 892 bp and 5126 bp (Figure ).Figure Electrophoresis performed in 1% agrose gel of digested V142D hCAII in lane 1-4. The (1 kB) GeneRuler DNA ladder is shown in lane 5. Lane 1-4 contain the following V142D plasmid, V142D + XhoI, V142D + BglII + XhoI, and V142D BglII. Double bands are shown at the 6000 and 7000 bp marker for all 4 V142D samples.Figure Electrophoresis performed in 1% agrose gel of digested H64A hCAII in lane 1-4. The (1 kB) GeneRuler DNA ladder is shown in lane 5. Lane 1-4 contain the following H64A plasmid, H64A + XhoI, H64A + BglII + XhoI, and H64A BglII. Double bands are shown at the 6000 and75000 bp marker for all 4 H64A samples.Figure Restriction enzyme neglect sites and position of hCAII gene (5072-5854) on the hCAI2pET24b plasmidDNA Sequencing. The mutations for both V142D and H64A in the hCAII gene were successful consort to the sequenced DNA result obtained from ACGT. Other mutations in the DNA sequence were observed in both mutants, th o since the aligned protein sequence was the same, mutations were likely to be silent mutations due to amino acid redundancies. When sequenced in the forward direction by T7 polymerase, a protein mutation was found (K153N) other than the desired mutation of V142D however, when sequenced in the reverse direction by T7 polymerase terminator (T7TER), K153N was not observed.Plasmid DNA transformation into E.Coli BL21(DE3) cells. Following transformation into BL21(DE3) cells, colonies were observed for both hCAII mutants (V142D and H64A). A random colony was chosen to be cultured and then was induced to express protein with 270 M IPTG and 0.1 mM ZnSO4.SDS-PAGE for protein expression. Protein expression was tested with SDS-PAGE. The expected molecular weight of V142D hCAII is approximately 29.2 kDa and the expected molecular weight of H64A hCAII is approximately 29.1 kDa. SDS-PAGE bands are observed between the ladder markers 25.0 kDa and 35.0 kDa for both mutant proteins (Figure , Figure ).Figure SDS-PAGE nasty with V142D hCAII proteins to examine protein expression. Samples were loaded in different volumes of protein to ensure gel visualization. Lane 15 contains the Fermentas protein molecular ladder and lane 1-4 contain the following 1 L IPTG, 4 L IPTG, 1 L+IPTG, 4 L +IPTG. All 4 samples had just about form of protein expression between 25.0 to 35.0 kDa.Figure SDS-PAGE loaded with H64A hCAII protein to examine protein expression. One sample was loaded with 4 L of H64A protein and +IPTG in lane 10. Lane 6 contains the Fermentas protein molecular ladder. The one H64A sample loaded showed an expression between 25.0 and 35.0 kDa.Calculation of pure protein concentration and quenching coefficient. Following affinity purification and dialysis, pure protein concentration was calculated from UV absorption measurements at 280 nm and the known extinction coefficient of hCAII as 50070 M1cm1 (Table ). The final concentration of the samples of V142D and H64A hCAII were 3 .2 M and 37.6 M respectively.Table UV absorption measurements at 280 nm of purified protein and the resulting final concentrationMutantAverage A280Protein concentration (M)V142D0.015833.2H64A0.188437.6SDS-PAGE to assay purity and check approximate molecular weight. Several samples were loaded into the SDS-PAGE for each mutant protein lysate and wash fractions (collected from affinity chromatography), 2 g protein, and 10 g protein. For H64A, a visible band was only observed for the 10 g sample (Figure ). The band was located between the 35 kDa and 25 kDa markers on the ladder. For V142D, none of the 4 samples resulted in a band on the gel (Figure ).Figure SDS-PAGE shown for H64A mutant protein. Lane 1 contains the Fermentas protein molecular weight marker. Lane 11-14 contains H64A samples of the following (in order) lysate, wash fraction, 2 g protein, and 10 g protein. Only the 10 g protein had (faint) observable bands located between the 25 and 35 kDa markers.Figure SDS-PAGE show n for V142D mutant protein. Lane 4 contains the Fermentas protein molecular weight marker. Lane 12-15 contains V142D samples of the following (in order) lysate, wash fraction, 2 g protein, and 10 g protein. No observable bands are seen for any of the samples.Mass spectrometry. ESI-MS was not successful in analyzing the molecular weight of intact and digested protein of both mutants. A MALDI spectrum was able to be generated for the digested proteins however, without the digested ESI spectrum to compare to, the peaks from the MALDI spectrum can only be speculatively assigned.Kinetics Hydrolysis of PNPA. Using the molar absorption coefficient of PNP (1.73-104 M1cm1), the rate of each reaction was determined. The predicted rate was calculated using the Michaelis-Menten kinetics . The plot of predicted rates and actual initial rates vs. PNPA concentration can be seen in Figure , Figure , Figure for wild-type, H64A, and V142D hCAII respectively. The Vmax and KM values for each enzyme wer e calculated by minimizing the square struggle between the predicted and actual reaction rates, and the kcat was calculated using the equation (Table ).Table Calculated Michaelis-Menten parameters for wild-type, H64A, and V142D hCAII catalyzing the hydrolysis of PNPA.Wild-type hCAIIH64A hCAIIV142D hCAIIVmax (M/sec)1.2020.8120.218KM (mM)1.2801.9578.362kcat (s1)5.141 - 1032.159 - 1026.825 - 102kcat/KM (M1s1)4.0211.0328.162Figure Michaelis-Menten plot of initial rate vs. concentration of PNPA added for wild-type hCAII enzyme.Figure Michaelis-Menten plot of initial rate vs. concentration of PNPA added for H64A hCAII enzyme.Figure Michaelis-Menten plot of initial rate vs. concentration of PNPA added for V142D hCAII enzyme.Kinetics CO2 hydration. Initial velocity (V0) values were calculated by measuring rod the progression of the reaction (via concentration of protons) with time (Table , Table , and Table ). kcat values were then calculated using the same equation as in the hydratio n of PNPA and averaged for the individual enzymes (wildtype, H64A, and V142D hCAII) in a particular buffer (i.e. TRIS or imidazole).Table Initial velocity (V0) and kcat values calculated for the hydration of CO2 by wild-type hCAII in TRIS buffer and imidazole buffer.Wild-type concentration (nM)V0 for WT+TRIS (M/s)V0 for WT+Imidazole (M/s)01.3E-086.05778E-081.51.1E-08N/A2.51.1E-085.63E-0852.1E-085.16E-0812.55.9E-085.63E-08Average kcat (s1)5.31.6212.449.19Table Initial velocity (V0) and kcat values calculated for the hydration of CO2 by H64A hCAII in TRIS buffer and imidazole buffer.H64A concentration (nM)V0 for H64A+TRIS (M/s)V0 for H64A+Imidazole (M/s)12.51.4E-086.57E-08251.4E-085.8E-08501.7E-087.53E-08Average kcat (s1)0.670.393.031.97Table Initial velocity (V0) and kcat values calculated for the hydration of CO2 by V142D hCAII in TRIS buffer.V142D concentration (nM)V0 for V142D+TRIS (M/s)12.56.2E-09255.4E-09505.5E-09Average kcat (s1)0.270.19Fluorescence detection of ligand bindi ng. DNSA was titrated with H64A hCAII to determine its affinity for the enzyme. The dissociation constant, KD, for DNSA was determined to be 0.086 M when protein concentration was 0.25 M. Competitive titration of H64A-DNSA hCAII with AZ was attempted, but was not successful as DNSA binding was too tight, making it difficult to be displaced by AZ.Molecular modeling. Literature models of wild-type (PDB code 1CA2) and H64A (PDB code 1MOO) hCAII were analyzed. There is no available structure of V142D hCAII at present. The secondary structure of wild-type is composed of 18 -sheets (77 residues) and 10 -helices (42 residues), with the majority of the -helices travel in the domain of right-handed helices, while very few show left-handed helical properties according to the Ramachadran plot. It also seems that the active site is solely composed of -sheets, and no -helices (Figure ). Analyzing PDB structure 3HS4 (AZ bound hCAII), the mechanism as to how AZ inhibits hCAII function can be see n. AZ has 3 binding sites, 2 are romance binding sites and the other provides a mechanism of inhibition. AZ binds the zinc directly at the active site, displacing crucial ligands needed for catalysis. There were just about discrepancies found between the crystal structure of H64A 1MOO as cited on PDB and nigh mutated H64A from wild-type hCAII, resulting in a RMSD (root mean square deviation) of 0.29 (Figure ). Since no literature structure of V142D is available, no comparison between virtual and crystal structures could be made.Figure Secondary structure of wild-type hCAII overlain with ribbon to visualize the higher arrangement.Figure RMSD between H64A hCAII virtually mutated and literature crystal structure. Blues denote the same or similar residues, while reds and oranges indicate completely different amino acids.DiscussionAgrose gel results were only visible for samples that contained 20 ng of the plasmid template DNA, rather than the 10 ng plasmid. This may be a result of more amplification during PCR with the 20 ng plasmid, and so would intensely be more visible. Though the 20 ng samples showed bands at the appropriate 6000 bp mark, there was also a faint band that can be seen near the end of the gel. This may be due to non-specific primer annealing.Quantification of DNA purity was done by exploiting the peak absorbances of protein and DNA. DNA maximally absorbs at 260 nm, while protein dominantly absorbs at 280 nm. The purity ratio reports the relative amount of DNA compared to protein present in the sample. The purity of both mutants were approximately 1.8, which is regarded as a relatively pure sample however, a purity ratio of more than 2.0 would have been ideal.The restriction enzyme digest showed 2 bands (7000, 6000 bp) for all samples, which may have been a sign of poor mixing/ pipetting since the volumes of restriction enzyme were extremely small amounts. If this is the case, only some of the DNA was nicked and some were not, which would re sult in 2 bands. It was expected that the plasmid sample would have a high band (supercoiled), each of the singly digested samples would have a slightly lower band (nicked), and the doubly digested would show 2 bands that indicated the fragment size of 892 and 5126 bp.Sequencing results showed that a protein mutation occurred when the sample was sequenced in the forward direction by the T7 polymerase. A lysine at position 153 had mutated to glutamine (K153N). However, this mutation was not observed when the T7 polymerase terminator was used to sequence the sample in the reverse direction. A mutation that occurs in one sequencing direction and not the other is usually attributed to sequencing errors, which may be the reason in this case.The SDS-PAGE bands for protein expression coincided with the expected molecular weight for both mutants, which could suggest that the correct proteins were expressed however, there is a possibility that the proteins expressed could be of similar weig ht, but completely different. Interestingly, the V142D samples that did not admit the protein inducer, IPTG, had a more intense band than the faint ones found for the samples that did include IPTG. This may just be a result of mislabelling.The SDS-PAGE performed to assess purity after the purification process. Mutant V142D had low protein expression as evidenced by its concentration of 3.2 M. The V142D mutant should have very low protein expression according to Fierke et al. (1991) because valine at position 142 is uniquely required for maximal expression in E.Coli. It is suggested that by altering position 142, protein stability decreases 2. Therefore, the protein that was expressed in the previous SDS-PAGE gel may not be V142D hCAII at all. The sample may have been small fragmented contaminant proteins that would have completely run off the gel altogether. However, the low concentration of V142D after purification may also be a major factor in the lack of gel bands observed as we ll. Unlike V142D, H64A hCAII concentration should not have affected its lack of bands because it was calculated to have had a reasonable concentration of 37.6 M. There were some problems loading the samples into the wells this could be an explanation as to no observable gel bands.ESI-MS is dependent on concentration because it affects the size of primary droplets 8. The unsuccessful determination of molecular weight of V142D hCAII may be attributed to its low concentration. The H64 hCAII mutant was also not able to be successfully analyzed with ESI-MS. A possible reason for the failure was that it was not kept on ice while it was not being used. The enzyme may have become inactive and degraded into smaller fragments. This would explain the ESI-MS output obtained for H64A. No definite molecular mass was determined, but the spectrometer did detect a lot of small protein fragments in the sample, all under grand piano amu.The kinetic values obtained from PNPA hydrolysis do not follow s imilar trends found in literature 2. The kcat/KM for wild-type hCAII (2500200 M1s1) was found to be significantly big than V142D hCAII (30.3 M1s1) in literature, more than 800- larger 2. Experimental calculations yielded kcat/KM for V142D (8.16 M1s1) to be about 2- larger than wild-type (4.02 M1s1), which did not follow literature patterns. The literature trends make more biolog