Islamic Political Thought Essay

The division of spiritual and laic in Christianity has taken a long time to be enacted into the g all overnmental theory of the occidental mind. There is a long history of church rule behind todays secular political thin mightiness. Which recognizes trust as of no signifi sack upce in the eye of the secernate. They brace taken the predominate from God and put it into the hands of the sight. In doing so they take a shit decl atomic number 18d collective human conscience as their guide and hold back rejected e real sorts of scriptures of divine nature. This is leading these societies to moral ruin.Approval of oddity as a legal practice by the legislatures of some western sandwich countries is an indication of the moral collapse that awaits them. Although Islam has no division of spirit and workaday but still does non bear out theocracy or any invigorated(prenominal) form of autocratic rule. It has taken a middle course, which can scoop up be explained by the word a utonomous. Giving the absolute spring and responsibility of guidance in the hands of God, Islam lets the, Muslims to deterrent example unlimited sovereignty within the limits of record and Sunnah. Introduction This topic seemingly look rattling simple and the atomic number 53 which can grant a straightforward answer. that actually it required a great insight into the historical and the political perspective of Moslem world at large. This proposition can be tackled at a number of levels. One scheme of addressing this brain could be to go to the theological injunctions, that is, to argue from Quran and Hadith. The second approach could be of digging into the history and bringing out the relevant examples. There is notwithstanding an other way of going through this riddle and that is to examine the maturation of political ideology in the world of Islam and comparing it with the political exploitation of the other nations or rest of the world.We may adopt any of the above me thodology. But in order to get a better beguile of things and comprehensive answer to this question. We analyze it at all the three above-named levels. This depart authenticly render us a better brain of not precisely this question but as intimately as of many other aspects of related political problems confronting the modern Muslim societies. Before start-off with our word it is useful that we first determine what sovereignty is? Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary describes sovereignty as the highest male monarch or fully independent and self-governing.Similarly Websters dictionary gives the following(a) blind drunkings to this word supreme leader or the one who recitation authority in a limited sphere. Quranic rendition As for as simplest mind, which goes through the Quranic text, it cannot ignore the fact that the God, that is Allah, is omnipotent, all healthy and all governing. This is the first and the last impression, which Quran leaves on any mind, no matter h ow naive it may be. Contrary to many doctrines, Quran declares Allah to be the sole authority on ein truth thing that is present not lonesome(prenominal) in this world but the whole of the universe. Many Quranic verses can be quoted in this context. Blessed is the Lord who holds control over all and is Omnipotent. (Al-mulk) And again Exalted is the One who controls every thing and to Him you shall resurrect. (Ya-seen)This makes very provide that every thing lies with Allah. It flows from thence unto His creatures. Same is the case with authority and sovereignty. Allah has charge man on this earth as his vicegerent. Allah has assumption man sovereignty to reign on this world. As Quran says, (remember) When your Lord verbalise to angels that then I shall appoint a vicegerent on Earth. (Al-baqarah) Thus, man rules earth on the behalf of his Lord.Therefore he can exercise sovereignty with in certain limits, prescribed by Allah. Once conventional that sovereignty is a reign wer e man has been given access. We find out whether men have been given some correctly to make decisions for themselves or not. Is a ruler selected by Allah and imposed on men or they are encouraged to exercise their sovereign right by some collective style? like a shot this is an arguable question. Some section may say that a king or some sort of ruler, imposed on the society by one way or the other, has the right to exercise the sovereignty that Allah has bestowed upon men.And we also find such a agent in the Quran, from the story of Talloot and Jalloot in sura al-baqarah we come to know that kings were imposed on men without their will and consultation, what so ever. One may cite this example from the Holy platter(prenominal) to give weight to his argument. But one thing must be kept in minds of the people that it was the practice of Allah for the people of Israel, usually referred to as Banu-Isreal in the Quran.Who were in a stage of evolution that was to culminate at the adv ent of the last vaticinator Muhammad (P.B. U. H)? For us i. e. the ummah of the last prophet, this rule has changed. And the new scheme under which the sovereignty has to be exercised is given in the following verse And they conduct their affairs with unwashed consultation. (Shura) Thus we see that Quran encourages its followers to adopt a scheme of exercising their sovereignty over themselves by a way, which hinges itself over some system of broader consultation. Of the two views, latter is the one, which seems to be accurate and closer to the rationale thinking.From the above discussion, we have reached a conclusion that Quran does recognize the sovereignty of Muslim citizen in an Islamic acres and they have to device such a methodology or system, which makes it convenient for them to achieve broader consultation. Quran, similarly, rejects a single persons assume to sovereignty and authority. Who so ever becomes a ruler of a Moslem state must take the views of the society wh ile making decisions? right away the Quran does not let loose Muslims after giving them right to sovereignty. There are a number of responsibilities that the Quran puts on their shoulders.And Quran, in its own brief but effective manner, puts them as Those to whom we give power, must contribute the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do veracious and preclude from doing evil. Guidance from Sunnah Sunnah i. e. illusionists animateness and actions is the biggest source after the Holy (Quran). There fore, we refer our self to this source. As the Quran says, Consult Allah and the vaticinator in a matter of discord. At another place it is mentioned Surely there is the best guidance for you in the vivification sentence of the prophet. We see that the early part of the oracle hood of Prophet Muhammad (P.B. U. H) does not give us any clue of the relation of citizens and state. It is only the latter part of his Prophet hood i. e. Medina period, in which he e stablished a city state that we find some form or structure of a government. Now we can have any view on the question of citizens sovereignty in the eye of Islam basing our investigations on this period of Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)s conduct. It has become convenient, for at the very beginning of Medina period there is a record of a political accordance between all the cross-sections of population of Medina.This political document in itself, otherwise, is a very important and valuable document. It gives an insight into the political situation of the Muslims in particular and Medina and its surrounding in habitual. Coming back to the question we are confronted with. We investigate this document to find if it sheds any light on this particular question. The first clause, which defines the parties to the accordance, ad couplely addresses the sovereignty of the citizens. 1. This is the treaty between the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H), Aus and Khazraj (the helpers) and Jews of Me dina and its surroundings. .Above-mentioned parties would be one group for the defensive structure of Medina. 3. Every organic structure is independent to practice ones religion. 4. Disputes among Jews would be settled according to their laws. It was an unprecedented treaty in respect of its very liberal approach towards communities of other religions. The point, which is very important for our thesis, is that everybody in Medina was treated as an equal party in this treaty. This was going to be the future constitution of that state for the rest of the life of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H).Although the Jews broke this accord and had to pay its price. We do not talk of the town about Jews as is mentioned above that they were left to their own laws. But the heaven-sent laws governed Muslims. Which were revealed to the Prophet (P. B. U. H. ) from time to time. Thus we see that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) in that state was the sole source of legislation. All the laws came from him. Many people misunderstand this phenomenon and they equate this authority of making laws by the Prophet Muhammad (P. BU. H) (that were revealed) as a precedent for authoritarian government by a single man.No, this approach is basically flawed and contrary to the practice of the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H). If we examine his political life and circumstances prevalent at that time more carefully and keenly. and then we get to a conclusion rather different from the misunderstanding that has been indicated above. As we know that Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to a people who were totally ignorant, had neer experienced any form of collective government and, therefore did not have laws and legislations. Further more, Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H)s, messaged was meant for all times to come.Thus Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) was sent to such a neighborhood where he could construct a model beginning from scratch and having no influence of any former system whatsoever. Now it was Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) job to introduce to them a system of laws and governance based on the divine guidance, and through them he was to demonstrate it to all people for all times to come. Laws were of course revealed and Muslims had and have to obey them as such. But when it comes to governance, we have ample examples to quote Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) mostly used the method of consultation.And this is what the message is that after the discontinuation of revelation, Muslims have to run their affairs in the light of revealed guidance by interchangeable consultation. To quote few examples from Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) life, in order to support the notion that citizens of an Islamic state do have some rights to exercise sovereignty over themselves, we refer to the following instances from the Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) life 1. As mentioned previously, in the very beginning of political history of the state of Medina general public i. e. Muslims were made an equal part in the matters of the governance.Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) did not make himself the sole representative of the whole Muslim community. 2. Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) nominate twelve representatives (Naqeebs) among the Ansar to represent them. 3. Before the battle of Badr Prophet Muhammad (P. B. U. H) consulted Muhajreen as well as Ansar. 4. In the battlefield of Badr, the camping place of the army was selected on the advice of Habbad-bin-Munzir. 5. At the time of Uhad , Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) own opinion was to deal within the city but the general opinion was to fight orthogonal the city, and that was followed. 6.In the battle of Ahzaab, the strategy of digging a trench for the defense of Medina was again an idea presented by Salman. 7. The method of calling the faithful to the prayer was again a matter sort out by mutual consultation. Hence at end of this chapter we conclude that Prophet Muhammads (P. B. U. H) life adequately provides us the evidence that in an Islamic state the power to rule and govern lies with the citizens and not with a single person or family or some creed. Rather it is the right of the people to govern themselves as they please, but of course not violating the Quranic limits set upon them.Those to whom we give power, must establish the system of prayers and charity and they ask the people to do good and forbid from doing evil. Islamic History and Muslim Scholars We have come out of an donnish discussion. Now we shall be analyzing historical events and political realities. As we enter into a new phase of discussion. It will be very useful that we alteration and redefine the question we are confronted with. So when we ask this that are people sovereign in Islam? What do we actually mean to imply? What are the other questions, which confront us when we say, yes people are sovereign?Having turn out that sole source of power and strength is the Allah Almighty do we mean to say, that Allah and His angels ar e physically involved in the governance of a state? Of course not, is the obvious answer. It is the men themselves who shall be arranging for any grammatical case of government. After placing theoretically all powers in Allah, when sovereignty is given to citizens it means following things. 1. Any government that is formed will be only due to the consensus of the majority of people. 2. Whenever there is some decision to be made, again it will be referred to people.Whatever a government or the rulers do is accountable to public. 4. As the government or state has functional powers, gum olibanum checks and balances on it to safeguard people against any sort of tyranny or exploitation. Now we shall examine different types of governments in Islamic history on the basis of these above points. To begin with, we first analyze first iv guided caliphs. Abu Bakr (R. A) was made caliphs and presented him in front of public. His first address is very suitable example. It encompasses almost al l the above four points. He said O people I have been made caliph against my will.