Financial Management Theory and Practice Limited

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management for Theory and Practice Limited. Answer: Introduction This paper addresses various crucial aspects of financial management which helps in analyzing the financial performance of a firm and preparing estimations and budgets (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). The current paper has been divided into five sub-headings such as financial analysis, operating revenue prediction, interest on loan, choosing investment funds, and bond valuation. The financial analysis has been carried out on the financial statements of Boral Limited, which is engaged in manufacture and supply of building material primarily in Australia and the United States. The company is listed on the Australian stock exchange. Financial Analysis of Boral Limited The financial analysis of Boral Limited carried out here covers financial statements for the year 2016 and 2015. The ratio analysis has been considered to be the most appropriate tool for financial analysis of Boral Limited (Tracy, 2012). The process comprising five steps such as liquidity analysis, asset management analysis, Debt management analysis, profitability analysis, and market value analysis have been followed in conducting the ratio analysis. Liquidity Analysis It refers to the companys ability to pay the short term debt on time. The short term debt here implies the current liabilities which consist of trade payables, expenses payables, and the short term borrowings. The ability of the company to pay short term debt is adjudged based on the sufficiency of the current assets and the sufficiency of the current assets is analyzed by current and quick ratio (Tracy, 2012). The current ratio is computed by dividing the current assets with the current liabilities. The quick ratio is computed in the same manner except that the current assets here do not include inventories (Tracy, 2012). In the case of Boral Limited, the current ratio for the financial year 2015 and 2016 has been found to be 1.89 times and 1.43 times (appendix). It could be observed that the current ratio of the company is falling down in the current year as compared to the previous year. The downfall in the current ratio clearly indicates that the current assets of the company are decreasing relative to its current liabilities. Further, the quick ratio also went down from 1.30 times in 2015 to 0.95 times in the year 2016 depicting that the company is facing problems with liquidity (Appendix). Asset Management Analysis Analyzing the efficiency of management to convert the assets into sales or use the assets effectively to generate sales falls under asset management analysis. The prominent ratios such as asset turnover, inventory holding days, and accounts receivables days are computed to analyze the efficiency of management in regard to asset management (Tracy, 2012). The asset turnover ratio depicts revenues per $ of total assets deployed in the business. The inventory turnover days depicts the time period for which the inventory is usually held in the go-down by the company and accounts receivable days depicts the credit period extended by the company to its customers to pay their dues (Tracy, 2012). In the current case of Boral Limited, asset turnover ratio has been found to be 0.73 times in 2015 and 0.74 times in the year 2016 (Appendix). This indicates that the company was earning revenues of $0.73 by utilizing $1 of total assets in the year 2015 which slightly improved to $0.74 in the current year. Further, the inventory holding days were found to be 65 days in 2015 and 69 days in 2016 (Appendix). Increment by 4 days in the inventory holding period is indicative of inefficiencies of the management in managing inventory. On the other hand, the accounts receivable days were found to be decreasing by 3 days in the current year. The accounts receivable days were 56 days in 2015 which reduced to 53 days in 2015. The decrease in the accounts receivable days indicates improvement in the managements efficiency. Debt Management Analysis The debt management is one of the most important aspects of business. The recklessness in debt management could hamper the companys business severely and endanger its solvency. This is the reason that the investors first look into the debt management of the company before analyzing the profitability (Tracy, 2012). In order to analyze the efficacy and effectiveness of the debt management, two most important ratios such as debt equity ratio and Interest Times ratio have been calculated and analyzed. In the current case of Boral Limited, the debt equity ratio has been found to be 0.66 times in 2015 and 0.65 times in 2016. Thus, it could be observed that there has been slight decrease in the debt equity ratio in the current year as compared to the previous year. The decrease in the debt equity ratio depicts that the company is using less debt as compared to equity in financing its business. However, ideally, it is considered that the company should not use more than $0.33 of debt against the $1 of equity. In the current case of Boral Limited, the debt to equity ratio is much more than the ideal one, thus, the risk of solvency could be higher. Further, the Interest Times ratio was observed to be 4.60 times in 2015 and increasing slightly it reached to 4.91 times in the year 2016. The increment in the Interest Times ratio depicts that the companys ability to repay the debt has improved. Profitability Analysis The analysis of profitability is considered to be the decisive factor for the investor in taking an investment decision. In order to analyze the profitability of the business, two most crucial ratios such as net margin and return on equity are taken for computation and analysis (Tracy, 2012). In the current case of Boral Limited, the net margin ratio has been found to be 5.98% and 5.94% in the year 2015 and 2016 respectively (Appendix). It could be observed that the net margin has dropped slightly in the 2016 as compared to the previous year. The drop in net margin ratio depicts downfall in the profitability of the company. Further, the return on equity was found to be 7.29% and 7.30% for the year 2015 and 2016 respectively (Appendix). This implies that the return on equity has improved a bit in the current year. It could be observed that despite downfall in the net margin ratio, the return on equity has improved in the current year. This implies that the improvement in the return on equity was due to reduction in the shareholders equity in the current year. The shareholders equity reduced from $3,524.10 in 2015 to $3,506.30 in the year 2016 (Appendix). Market Value Analysis The market value analysis covers evaluation of the stocks price of the company. The evaluation in regard to the price of the stock is focused on analyzing that whether the stock of company is over or under valued. The two most crucial ratios such as Price to Earnings (PE) ratio and Market value to Book value ratio are considered essential in this regard (Tracy, 2012). The results of ratio analysis on the financial statements of Boral Limited depict a PE ratio of 17.47 times in 2015 and 17.21 times in 2016 (Appendix). An increase in the PE ratio is considered good for the company and the investors wealth. However, in case of Boral Limited, it could be observed to be slopping slightly downwards, which is indicative of reduction in the wealth of the shareholders. Further, the market value to book value ratio was found to be 1.27 times in 2015 and 1.26 times 2016 (Appendix). There could be observed a slight downfall in the market to book value ratio of the company. The downfall in the market to book value ratio indicates that the company is not performing well in the market. Operating Revenues Prediction Report of Research and Markets has forecasted that the timber and building material supplier industry is to grow at the compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.63% per year from 2017 to 2021 (Finanznachrichten , 2016). Therefore, it can be expected that the operating revenues of Boral Limited which is a major supplier of timber and building material will rise. The CAGR of 4.63% in the timber and building material industry appears to be sustainable because of innovative products coming into the market. It is expected that the use of decking in construction of buildings will increase which will push the demand of timber and building material industry. Based on the CAGR of 4.63%, the operating revenues for the year 2020-21 have been computed as under: Presently, the company earns operating revenues of $4,311.20 million (Boral Limited, 2016). The current revenues compounded at the rate of 4.63% per annum will rise to $5,406.40 million by the end of 2020-21. Interest on Loan The interest rate computed using the interest expense and the average long term debt of the company is given below: Boral Limited A. Interest Expense ($M) 70.8 B. Average long term debt ($M) 1156.8 C. Interest rate annual (A/B) 6.12% D. Interest rate quarterly 1.53% Thus, the interest rate that would be charged on the loan will be 6.12% per annum or 1.53% quarterly. At this rate of interest, the quarterly installment of loan will be as follows: A Loan amount $300,000 B Tenure (years) 30 C Quarterly periods 120 D Quarterly rate 1.53% E PAVF 54.7898 F Installment quarterly (A/E) $5,475.47 Using the above amount of installment, the loan schedule for first ten years has been presented below: Period Opening outstanding Installment Interest Closing 1 300,000.00 5,475.47 4,590.25 299,114.78 2 299,114.78 5,475.47 4,576.70 298,216.01 3 298,216.01 5,475.47 4,562.95 297,303.49 4 297,303.49 5,475.47 4,548.99 296,377.01 5 296,377.01 5,475.47 4,534.81 295,436.35 6 295,436.35 5,475.47 4,520.42 294,481.30 7 294,481.30 5,475.47 4,505.81 293,511.64 8 293,511.64 5,475.47 4,490.97 292,527.14 9 292,527.14 5,475.47 4,475.91 291,527.57 10 291,527.57 5,475.47 4,460.61 290,512.72 11 290,512.72 5,475.47 4,445.09 289,482.33 12 289,482.33 5,475.47 4,429.32 288,436.18 13 288,436.18 5,475.47 4,413.31 287,374.02 14 287,374.02 5,475.47 4,397.06 286,295.61 15 286,295.61 5,475.47 4,380.56 285,200.70 16 285,200.70 5,475.47 4,363.81 284,089.03 17 284,089.03 5,475.47 4,346.80 282,960.36 18 282,960.36 5,475.47 4,329.53 281,814.41 19 281,814.41 5,475.47 4,311.99 280,650.94 20 280,650.94 5,475.47 4,294.19 279,469.66 21 279,469.66 5,475.47 4,276.12 278,270.30 22 278,270.30 5,475.47 4,257.77 277,052.60 23 277,052.60 5,475.47 4,239.13 275,816.26 24 275,816.26 5,475.47 4,220.22 274,561.01 25 274,561.01 5,475.47 4,201.01 273,286.55 26 273,286.55 5,475.47 4,181.51 271,992.59 27 271,992.59 5,475.47 4,161.71 270,678.83 28 270,678.83 5,475.47 4,141.61 269,344.96 29 269,344.96 5,475.47 4,121.20 267,990.69 30 267,990.69 5,475.47 4,100.48 266,615.70 31 266,615.70 5,475.47 4,079.44 265,219.67 32 265,219.67 5,475.47 4,058.08 263,802.28 33 263,802.28 5,475.47 4,036.39 262,363.20 34 262,363.20 5,475.47 4,014.37 260,902.11 35 260,902.11 5,475.47 3,992.02 259,418.65 36 259,418.65 5,475.47 3,969.32 257,912.50 37 257,912.50 5,475.47 3,946.28 256,383.31 38 256,383.31 5,475.47 3,922.88 254,830.71 39 254,830.71 5,475.47 3,899.12 253,254.36 40 253,254.36 5,475.47 3,875.00 251,653.89 It could be observed from the table shown above that the interest for the first year is $18,278.90 ($4,590.25+4,576.70+4,562.95+4,548.99). Thus, the company can claim a sum of $18,278.90 as interest in its profit and loss statement in the first year. The interest amount of the tenth year would amount to $15,643.28 ($3,946.28, 3,922.88, 3,899.12, 3,875.00). Choosing Investment Funds An evaluation of all the three options is given as below: A fund with a quoted fixed rate of 4.25% compounded semi-annually: A. Amount required to pay loan back 2,000,000.00 B. Rate annual 4.25% C. Compounded Semi annual D. Semi annual rate (B/2) 2.13% E. Terms (years) 3 F. Semi periods (E*2) 6 G. Cash required to invest $1,762,940.19 A fund with a quoted fixed rate of 4.2% compounded monthly A. Amount required to pay loan back 2,000,000.00 B. Rate annual 4.20% C. Compounded monthly D. Monthly rate (B/12) 0.35% E. Terms (years) 3 F. Monthly periods (E*12) 36 G. Cash required to invest $1,763,617.62 Zero coupon bonds maturing in three years and currently trading at $88 per $100 face value: A. Amount required 2,000,000.00 B. Face value of bond 100.00 C. No of bonds required (A/B) 20,000.00 D. Current price of bond 88.00 E. Cash required to invest (C*D) 1,760,000.00 Decision: It could be observed that the cash required for investment at present to get a sum of $2,000,000 after 3 years is lowest in the case of first option. In the case of first option, the company can arrange loan repayment of $2,000,000 by investing $1,762,940.19 today. Thus, it is advisable that the company chooses option one to make investment for arranging money in regard to loan repayment. The yield on the Australian government bond outstanding for 10 years is 2.73% (Blomberg, 2016) and the company has a spread of 570 basis points on this yield. Thus, the yield for companys bond will be 8.43% (2.73%+5.70%). In the case if the bond had been issued for shorter term than 10 years, the yield to maturity would have been lower than the current level. This is because the interest rate (coupon rate) remains higher for the short time period and as the period is enhanced, the interest rates fall downside. For example, the coupon rate on Australian government bond having term to maturity of 10 years is 4.75%, but it goes high to 5.75% if the terms to maturity of the same bond are reduced to 5 years (Blomberg, 2016). Further, there exists an inverse relationship between the coupon rate and the yield to maturity (Gitman, Juchau, and Flanagan, 2015). Thus, if the coupon rate of the bond goes up, the yield to maturity will go down. For example, the Australian government bond having 10 years to maturity has yield to maturity of 2.73%, but it goes down to 2.27% of the term to maturity are decreased to 5 years (Blomberg, 2016). The primary components that play crucial role in determination of the market interest rates are risk free rate, inflation, default risk premium, liquidity premium, and maturity premium. If it is expected that the Australian economy will do well in the upcoming years, there would be less risk of default, rising inflation, liquidity crunch, and instabilities in the market (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). Thus, due to less risk, the premium for risk which is added to the risk free rate in computation of market interest rate will be also be less. Therefore, it could be inferred that the spread on the companys bond would be lower if it is expected that the Australian economy will perform with stability in future (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2016). If the predictions in regard to the Australian economy go correct, the spread of the companys bond will be decrease. Due to decrease in the spread, the yield to maturity of the bond will go down. The decrease in the yield to maturity of the bond will increase the price of the bond. Thus, the price of the companys bond will increase. This has been illustrated below: When coupon rate and Yield to maturity is same at 8.43% annual Face value 100 Terms (Semi years) 20 Coupon rate 8.43% Yield to maturity 8.43% Half yearly interest 4.22 Yield to maturity (Half yearly) 4.22% Price of bond $100.00 When coupon rate remains at 8.43% but Yield to maturity goes down by 2% Face value 100 Terms (Semi years) 20 Coupon rate 8.43% Yield to maturity 6.43% Half yearly interest 4.22 Yield to maturity (Half yearly) 3.22% Price of bond $114.59 References Blomberg. 2016. Australian Rates and Bonds. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/rates-bonds/government-bonds/australia [Accessed on: 11 January 2017]. Boral Limited. 2016. Annual report of Boral Limited. [Online]. Available at: https://www.boral.com.au/Images/common/pdfs/annual-reports/Boral-Annual-Report-2016.pdf [Accessed on: 11 January 2017]. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C. 2016. Financial Management: Theory Practice. Cengage Learning. Finanznachrichten . 2016. Research and Markets- Global Timber Decking Market CAGR of 4.63%. [Online]. Available at: https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2016-09/38476394-research-and-markets-global-timber-decking-market-cagr-growth-of-4-63-by-2020-trends-technologies-opportunities-report-2016-2020-key-vendors-008.htm [Accessed on: 11 January 2017]. Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R., and Flanagan, J. 2015. Principles of Managerial Finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Tracy. A. 2012. Ratio Analysis Fundamentals: How 17 Financial Ratios Can Allow You to Analyse Any Business on the Planet. RatioAnalysis.net.

Business Law and Ethics

Upper management asks you for advice on how to improve the food safety and quality control situation at Delectables. What would you advise? In business, ethics is taken in three important contexts. First, ethics is concerned with not breaking work-related regulations and laws, in which case, would be interpreted as criminal. Second, is to avoid any activities or rather actions that would result into the filing of law suits against a business organization.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Business Law and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, ethics requires that employees and the management of business organizations act in a way that promotes the image of the business organization and not otherwise (Fieser). Therefore, lack of business ethics in a business organization or company can result to severe consequences for the company or business organization in question. It is the lack of ethics that is the root cause of the tribulations of Georgia’s Delectable food products manufacturing company. Both the senior management and the casual employees at the company act with complete disregard to the ethical requirements in doing business. What the human resources at Delectables need is ethical appraisal and not laying off as many would suggest. The employees need to be trained on ethical and legal issues of doing business (Fieser). The Kantian theory of ethics would be a good point to begin in order to bring change to the state of affairs at the Delectables food manufacturing company. A new graduate hired by the Delectables Company in Georgia has good prospects to apply his fresh ideas in business ethics to transform, bring change with regard to business approach, and make a difference at the company. To begin carrying out his responsibilities, the newly hired low-level manager will seek to have the answers to several questions. These answers will be instrumental in helping hi m or her to effectively perform his/her responsibilities which include improving the plant’s operations, increasing efficiency and saving costs at Delectables. The new manager will have to determine how he or she will introduce the theory and principles of ethics in business at Delectable. Another important question that must be answered would be how to revolutionize or rather improve the quality control system at Delectables. Improving the quality control system will ensure that their products are safe for consumption with reference to the recent claims of salmonella contamination on Delectables food products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another issue would be how to gain competitive advantage against competitors such as Prince’s Fare. Lastly and most importantly, would be to determine what business management approaches to apply in achieving these ma jor objectives. The responsibility of the new manager is surely complex and it would be crucial that he blows the whistle in order to be able to bring system change at Delectables. In justifying his decision to blow the whistle, the normative theories of ethics would be of significant importance. These theories include the Kantian theory of ethics, the Utilitarian theory of ethics and the Contract ethical theory. The problems and challenges facing Delectables stem from unethical and illegal activities and actions of the company’s management and employees. Therefore, these three ethical theories of business ethics together with the underlying principles would provide an insight into what needs to be done at Delectables. Most importantly, the three normative theories of ethics will provide guidelines on what ought to be done in order for the manager to realize his tasks of improving the plant’s operations, increasing efficiency and saving costs at Delectables. It would b e beneficial for the new manager to blow the whistle since by doing so he will be protecting the interest of many. The contaminated food items being distributed by Delectable in addition to the deplorable condition under which the food items are being manufactured pose health thread to the intended consumers. By blowing the whistle therefore, the new manager would be acting in an ethical manner. The Kantian principle of ends, emphasizes that individuals and business organizations such as Delectables need to put into consideration the interests of others in all their actions and decisions. This principle prohibits individuals and business companies from disregarding the interest of others and uses them as a means to achieving their intended financial gains (Normative). The others in this case should also be an end in themselves.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Business Law and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Lear n More Normative ethical theories and principles shape business organizations and individuals to act in an ethical and morally acceptable manner. Normative ethical theories and principles stipulate what individuals and business organizations ought to do. They explain that the actions of individuals and business organization should be moral and ethical (Normative). For instance, employees and the management of business organizations ought to be honest. The principles of the normative ethical theories are important in assessing as well as justifying the decisions, actions and activities of employees and businesses such as those at Delectables. James Fieser in his â€Å"Business Ethics article† posits that business philosophy advocates for morality in business operations by addressing issues that are concerned with what is right and what is wrong with regard to conduct, actions and activities. As such, business philosophies just like the normative theories and principles of bu siness ethics emphasize the importance of morality in keeping a business company and its employees out of trouble. Trouble may arise due to a breach of the regulations and laws formulated to govern business operations and activities. In the case of Delectables, employees and the management acted in an immoral manner by deliberately releasing into the market contaminated food products. The application of the Utilitarian ethical theory business would mean that managers and employees alike act or rather make decisions that result in as much good compared too other available alternatives. With regard to the Delectable case, they have other alternatives in their operations other than the ones they are engaged with. The act of utilitarian encourages decisiveness as one can not serve two masters at the same time. The utilitarian rule is that an act can only be right if it conforms to the laid down rules, laws and regulations (Normative). The harm principle of the utilitarian theory of ethi cs stipulates that the society has a responsibility and is justified coercing individuals and organizations that act in a way that is harmful to the society. The actions of Delectables with reference to the utilitarian principle of harm are harmful to the society. The society in this case is the intended consumers of the contaminated food products both in Georgia and in San Lopez.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regarding the signing of the quality control form, it would be against the expectations of the ethics in business. Signing the quality control form would mean the manager’s agreement with the rest of the pack to sell harmful food products. The quality control director at Delectable despite poor work environment improvised â€Å"stickers† method to help with quality control at the company. Delectable lacked a proper food safety and quality control system. The improvised system was equally effective as the director was able to identify harmful food products, those that needed further testing and those which were safe. If the new manager signs the quality control form, he would be acknowledging that all the food products manufactured by Delectable were safe for human consumption which was not he case. It would be immoral and unethical to sign the quality control form (Fieser). In order to improve the food safety and quality control at Delectables, the new manager must fir st look into the potential cause of the problem. Poor employee working condition, in addition to the reluctance of the management to institute proper rules on the processes and procedures of food production are the major causes of contamination at the Delectables food company. The world food program emphasizes that food safety deals with the aspects of food products production from production, purchase, transportation, storage, processing, as well as distribution (Normative). Any activity that does not adhere to hygiene standards and the federal laws and regulations that guide the manufacture of food product is likely to jeopardize food safety and quality at any stage during production and distribution. The quality control director at Delectables was realistically effective in his efforts to ensure that the products released into the market for human consumption met the appropriate standards. His efforts were however sabotaged by the Delectables plant supervisor, the foremen and the casual employees who acted without considering the ethical consequences of their actions. The management of Delectable was not interested in following up whatever was going on in the company. The management should have investigated the allegations of contamination to help them with the improvement of the quality control system. What role, if any, should government play in assuring food safety in the food industry in general? Governments and regional authorities are mandated to formulate laws and regulations, as well as standards to guide the manufacture of food items by companies such Delectables. Both the federal government and the Georgian authorities had the responsibility of ensuring that Delectables adhered to laws and regulations governing the manufacture of food items. This would have minimized the chances of food contamination that is a major challenge to the giant food manufacturer. As Fieser posits, enforcing regulations and laws to ensure food security is an important ro le of the government. The authorities should follow all the actors in food manufacturing industries to ensure safety and quality of food products. The US federal government through its agencies and in collaboration with authorities in Georgia, should carry out regular inspections to ensure companies such as Delectable adhere to hygiene standards to prevent any chances of food item contamination during the process of the manufacture. Governments are faced with numerous challenges in dealing with the challenge of food safety and quality. These challenges include lack of public awareness on issues, regulations and laws on food safety and regulation. Lack of updated food products safety and quality laws is another challenge to the governments and its agencies. Inefficient and weak government inspection and supervision on food product manufacturing companies such as Delectables, contributes to the problem of poor quality food products which are not safe for the consumption of the general public (Thompson Ying 13). Regional authorities such as Georgia needs to adopt effective approaches towards dealing with issues affecting food safety and quality especially those that relate to the manufacturing companies such as Delectables. The authorities must demonstrate a greater understanding of the issues that they face and formulate strategies to help them in addressing the challenges. The federal government on its part must build the capacity of its various agencies mandated to ensure the safety and quality of manufactured food products. This would enable the agencies deal effectively with the challenges that hinder their effective operation in dealing with issue that violate the requirements of regulations and laws on food safety and quality (Thompson Ying 13). Despite the numerous challenges that governments face, they can make food manufacturing industries more socially responsible by enforcing more stringent regulations and penalties on companies that violet the requ irements of the regulations. Governments could also offer incentives to food manufacturing companies that demonstrate high standard of ensuring their food products meet safety and quality requirements. However, governments should not let food companies to regulate themselves. This is because some of the food companies may want to save their costs operation and this might jeopardize the quality and safety of their food products (Thompson Ying 13). What role, if any, should government play in assuring food safety in the food industry in general? According to the normative theories of ethics, product dumping due to their low quality is unethical and is not ought to be done. The supervisor in part C was of the opinion that the company dumps its contaminated food products in San Lopez at subsidized prices. What the supervisor should have done in line with the normative theory of ethics is to propose the destruction of the contaminated food products with the red sticker. Selling of these food products to customers is unethical since they are harmful to consumers (Normative). The food products with the yellow stickers also ought not to be damped but taken back for further examination. Kantian principle of ends stipulates that individuals and businesses should act in away that their actions do not use others as means to an end but rather act in away that others are also an end themselves. According to the utilitarian harm principle, this behavior is immoral and the society would be justified in coercing the behavior of such individuals. By dumping the contaminated food products, Delectables would be causing harm to the intended consumers. It is important that the supervisor puts into consideration the interests intended of the customers in San Lopez (Normative). Advise to Delectables The image of a business company is of the greatest importance. Business ethics require employees to act in a way that protects the image of the business company. By offering to sell sub standard food products in San Lopez, Delectables would be harming the image of the company. With regard to the ethics of doing business, this is immoral. With reference to morality in business, both the government officer and the official from the superstore in San Lopez were unjustified to ask for a bribe from Delectables. Both the scenarios are illegal and unethical. It is impossible for a situation to be legal and at the same time unethical. Works Cited Fieser, James. Approaches to Business Ethics. Web. Thompson, Drew, Ying, Hu. Food Safety in China: New Strategies. Web. P. Fellows, B. Axtell, M. Dillon. Quality Assurance for Small-Scale Rural Food Industries. Web. Normative Ethical Principles and Theories: A Brief Overview. Web. This case study on Business Law and Ethics was written and submitted by user Gabriella Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Business Law and Ethics Concept of CSR The main concept of CSR is the relationships of business and the overall society. It is about how companies administer their business process to produce a constructive impact on the general public. There are two aspects of operation to which companies are answerable to; the superiority of administration in terms of individuals and processes, and two, the nature of their impact on their vicinity (Bergmans Cramer, 2003, p. 2).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business Law and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stakeholders are increasingly taking an interest in how companies carry out their operations. Most of them look at the poor and superior activities that the company is engaged in. the impact of both their produce is scrutinized in terms of the value it brings to the society. How it natures its employees to further their career and have a personal attachment to their workplace fashions the perceptions of individuals. Analysts use such information to determine the prosperity of the organization and its sustenance levels. CSR involves the continuing behaviour of organizations to conduct their operations in an ethical way, and contribute to financial progress, while improving the worth of life of its personnel and their relatives, and the general society. It is about building competence to promote sustainable living. It integrates cultural differences in the functions and pronouncements of societal issues and equally delivers to the society without any ethnic prejudices. It mostly revolves around operating the business in a publicly responsible way through donating parts of their profits to charity, and by contributing to the development of solid community business. The company thus empowers the society members to create their own wealth in a sustainable manner. This will foster competition, which will overly lead to the creation of more wealth. The process is based on cooperative activities of man in the social order, and as such, it varies depending on the location of the organization (Bergmans Cramer, 2003, p. 4). There will be different values and opinions associated to any given community. Some cultures will deem some actions as socially acceptable and advantageous, while some ethnic behaviour will not. Changes in demographic population may also result in changes on how the corporation gives back to the public. The population may have different priorities and thus will shape the organization’s definition of CSR. The concept may accordingly be distinct as businesses operating in a way that the legal, ethical, commercial expectations that the public has on the company are satisfied in a timely manner. This concept is occasionally hinged on the basis of whether the company does this voluntarily or whether it is coerced (Bergmans Cramer, 2003, p. 2). Companies may integrate societal and ecological concerns in their operations and their i nteractions with the community on a charitable basis, but with a hidden agenda of exploitation. For example, the community may be forced to buy products of an organization because it offers their children scholarships.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The above contributions all narrow down to the point that CSR is about the impact a company has while managing its core principles. Some organizations go beyond managing their own impact to contribute to the implementation of broader neighbourhood aspirations. CSR requires organizations to assume a broader analysis of its errands that not only includes stakeholders, but other constituents as well, counting brokers, workers, clients, regime, green associations and other momentous groups (Bergmans Cramer, 2003, p. 2). CSR is hugely related to business ethics. CSR focuses on the principled, lawful and optional responsibilities of companies while business ethics provides guidelines on the moral conduct of persons and factions in an establishment. Business morals are thus viewed as a division of the broad study of CSR (Barnett, ND). Tesco PLC and CSR Tesco PLC is a leading UK based association which specialises in the food retailing business sector. The company has won rising wide-reaching acknowledgement as one of the most flourishing and highest budding traders in the century (Tesco, 2005). Alongside the recognition, the organization’s corporate social responsibility programs are outstanding in the capacity of its activities, motivation of its objectives and the meticulous nature of monitoring and assessing its initiatives. In Tesco, CSR is not just about avoiding conservationists and other scrutinizing interest groups; rather it focuses its activities in ensuring the satisfaction of its clientele. The company’s executive wants to be assured that other small organizations coexist well in the c ommunity they serve in a reasonable, sincere and accountable manner (MMR, 2007, p. 1). Their activities involve a wide range of issues, including global weather transformations, sustainable use of resources, recycling of products, moral trade, personal healthiness, donations, local sourcing (Tesco, 2005). Their depth of involvement in the above and several other activities are unlimited. Its determination to integrate corporate responsibility in all of its actions is outstanding (MMR, 2007, p. 2). They believe that to achieve thriving future expansion an organization must focus on proficient means of creation with nominal emissions. Tesco encourages and creates awareness to the society on the importance of green consumption. The procurement of new reprocessing equipment and its effort in reducing the quantity of wrapping on its products by 25% confirm their ambition. The company believes that people have to work mutually in communal concerns. Climate change, societal well being acqu iring workers with proper work skills and attitude towards their organization is imperative (Tesco, 2005). The nucleus of trade revolves around how they care for regulars, the populace, each other, and their connections.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business Law and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These individuals help them define their responsibilities to the communities where their business operates, and creates a tradition and surrounding in which industry strategies bring tangible results. Their philosophy of understanding the value of every little input strengthens their assortment of errands. The CSR of Tesco is to earn the confidence of clients by acting sensibly in the neighbourhoods they serve. The corporation identifies its impact on the populace and thus manoeuvre in a way that feat the benefits they present people. Customers are at the core of everything they do, and by building benevole nce and confidence with them they can earn their continuous faithfulness, which is their chief rationale (Tesco, 2005). The values of the company are reflected in CSR. They discuss how it is indispensable to understand customers, and be vigorous and pioneering for their sake. They ensure that employees have a favourable working environment so that the company can in turn use their strength to convey supreme value for customers. Another value emphasizes on mutual reverence among each other. The company endeavours to sustain themselves through giving more congratulations than disparagement (Tesco, 2005). Knowledge is to be shared, and it is imperative to ask more questions rather than assuming independence of thought. Primarily, it is crucial to take pleasure in work, rejoice accomplishments and become skilled from occurrences. Their CSR strategy is supported by reputable a CSR group which meets on a quarterly basis. Relationship with customers The principal concern is to meet the des ires and expectations of consumers in the 95 stores they serve. The purchaser service staffs are focussed in ensuring the sustenance of a constructive role to customer happiness in Ireland, in order to ensure their continuous loyalty. The company offers value to its customers through providing reasonable prices, merchandise choice, and foodstuff superiority. Customer service and appropriate channels of communication are offered (Tesco, 2005). Its products appeal to a variety of customers through offering wide choices and the development of innovative services and technology which ensure the ease in interaction and purchase. The customer’s expectation of having locally produced foodstuffs is met, subject to aggressive business criteria. They thus have a choice of both domestic and intercontinental products. Staff The organization has employed over 10, 000 people in their warehouses, agencies and circulation centres. It recognizes the expertise and obligation of the staff as th e most vital asset. Drawing and preserving the most efficient staff and making the group gratifying for them define a first-rate employer. There are policies which ensure proper working conditions and endow them with prospects to supplement their profession (MMR, 2007).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The staff is given regular training and offered channels of giving the company feedback on how they perceive their job and their relationship with the executive. They have policies ensuring proper rewarding and providing benefits for proficient employees in a character of partnership. Employees who may have personal commitments are allowed the freedom to fulfil their other obligations. Community Tesco Ireland has a variety of stores in different forms, for example, supermarkets and local stores. The company is a leading employer of the community members and has a reliable society support initiative in order to capitalize on the benefits they present (MMR, 2007). It forms year-long partnership per annum with a neighbourhood based countrywide charity which supports schooling, disabled individuals, and healthcare. This is thus the main focus for fundraising activities in the year. The participating charities have recorded more gains as a result of the increased awareness. Ventures and programmes, which are near their stores are amply supported. Suppliers The group forms sturdy dealings in the supply chain, to ensure growth of both sectors. Tesco understands the importance of contributing to countrywide conferences on matters related to their trade (Tesco, 2005). Whenever possible, the company stocks products from local suppliers of all sizes. Open and transparent associations are maintained in the supply chain. The company is dedicated in honestly cataloguing products so that consumers can make well-versed verdicts when purchasing. There are unvarying and open means of contact which ensure fair and ethical means of effecting production. Environment The company is determined to guard the surroundings by following courses to reduce their impact. Meeting the requirements of the current generation without compromising that of upcoming generations is a main concern (MMR, 2007). This is achieved through conforming with all policies and conventions which relate to the e nvironment. The finest inexpensively available machinery and structures incessantly scrutinize the impact they create. The use of materials and power is minimised while scarce resources are not used in the fabrication. The 3R principle is applied in the organization of merchandise and their wrapping. Environmentally yielding dumping systems for products they use is employed. Still, training packages are given to staff to ensure that they are conversant with environmental issues (Tesco, 2005). The importance of CSR Individuals and business organizations are aware of the importance of CSR. Traditionally, CSR has determined the triumph of several organizations (Botten, 2009, p.17). Through CSR, an organization finds more business opportunities by building the skills of its workforce, improving the community and fostering economic augmentation in the nation state. It empowers a business with the aptitude to anticipate and make pronouncements. Investors usually base their decisions on th e social and environmental performance criteria of organizations. The company is thus viewed from a commerce standpoint rather than as a foundation. Further, the trade shifts from just making monetary proceeds to making sustainable profits (Bergmans Cramer, 2003, p. 2). CSR helps an organization distinguish the different interest groups and stakeholder. It is presently used as a management tool rather than a stylish statement. Their relationship with customers, suppliers and the society is thus easily defined through implementation of such a program. Having a corporate social guiding principle and a responsible attitude towards their stakeholder provides positive results for the organization. Through working with the community, families, and the workforce, the quality of life of every party is improved. When organizations participate in charity activities, the morale of employees is boosted, and their engagement with customers is increased. There are several intangible benefits ass ociated to corporate social responsibility which give the organization the necessary competitive edge. The company’s reputation is one of these benefits which eventually bring in trust, constancy, intelligibility and trustworthiness (Botten, 2009, p.16). When these are developed, the customers are retained: retention of customers means sustainability of the company. Contributions of CSR to corporate strategy (CS) CSR is a necessary component in the corporate strategies of a company. CS is the company’s approach to its general direction in terms of growth and the execution of its various dealings and supply lines (Barth Wolff, 2009). Companies whose returns are going down utilize CSR as a reactive stratagem. This enables them gain poise wherever they function. This is usually after they realise the cost of discharging CSR is cheaper compared to the amounts of profits they are not getting. It is usually seen as an opportunity to build their image. Organizations, which m ay be keen to attracting media interest, employ this strategy in order to get the basic public consideration. Such an image is necessary for business, but it is usually emphasized by analysts that it should be a continuous process in order to ensure prosperity and future success of the business. Other corporate use this strategy in environmental issues, not only to protect the ecology, but to save also on operating costs through the use of efficient methods of production. It also enables them to comply easily to set laws. Relevant authorities who monitor such issues are also less likely to follow up on the activities of institutions with a reputable CSR. Businesses are faced with the challenge of competition in the present world. Identifying social issues which bring about competition are thus part of the agenda of companies (Barth Wolff, 2009). Social concern is thus seen as an opportunity to relate with its consumers in a way that they will retain them and reduce the opposition l evels. Conclusion Critics have argued that taking on ethical and common issues is not cost-effectively feasible (Barth Wolff, 2009). They elucidate that associations ought to revolve around money-making and leave communal tasks to the germane organizations. Assuming such errands places these organizations at a drawback compared to the organizations which do not observe CSR. The corporate world is not well equipped to handle such responsibilities, as there are other organizations whose main objective is showing social responsibility (Bergmans Cramer, 2003, p. 2). However, it is in the interest of such organizations as it has proven to ensure their prosperity and decrease government interference in its activities. List of References Barnett, T. ND, Corporate social responsibility, Encyclopedia for business, 2nd ed. Web. Barth, R. Wolff, F., 2009, corporate social responsibility in Europe: rhetoric and  realities, Edward Elgar publishing, Massachusetts. Bergmans, F. Cramer, J., 2 003, learning about social corporate responsibility: the  Dutch Experience, IOS press, Amsterdam. Botten, N., 2009, enterprise strategy, Butterworth-Heinemann, Massachusetts. MMR, 2007, Lucy Neville-Rolfe: Corporate and Legal Affairs Director, Tesco PLC,  Food industry, BNET. Web. Tesco, 2005, Welcome to our corporate social responsibility review 2005. TESCO. Web. This report on Business Law and Ethics was written and submitted by user Alessandra O. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Not only were the Vikings

Not only were the Vikings brutal raiders, pillagers, and savage pirates, they were some of the greatest contributors to sea travel, and tools. They werent mindless barbarians, but they were fierce fighters who sought wealth and prosperity. Among their fighting skills lay politics, craftsmanship, and poems. One of the greatest advantages that the Vikings had over predators and prey was their means of travel. Unlike todays boats, they were built to absorb waves, and to carry vast amounts of goods, room for each warrior to carry his own. Perfectly balanced, these ships were faster than other tribes. Not only was the ship designed to harness the power of the water, but also the wind. Vikings were the first to use sails. With sails, they could travel anywhere silently, and unseen. They were built light enough to carry onto shore and to be rolled on logs. With this kind of mobility, they were able to give England a great headache, attacking Rouen, Nantes, and Paris. They took from Spain, Italy, and Rome. In 865, Vikings took over York, which they settled. Throughout a hundred years at York, it flourished and grew as a center of international trade. Vikings again showed their craftsmanship by laying out city streets, minting coin, and producing items for trade like combs and shoes. Soon after, armies of Scandinavia invaded to demand protection money from weak English rulers. Vikings continued to hold the English throne for decades. The Vikings were different from other raiders, they werent merely there to take their loot and leave, they had no homeland. They would fight for a king, and usually inhabit whatever land they charge. They were great traders, and are now part of the people from those lands. Icelands Viking pioneers created an aristo-democracy ruled by 39 chieftain-priests. They met each year in the national assembly. The Icelanders did not wish to have a king, and they raised no army

Quantitative Analysis of a Glucose Solution Essay

Quantitative Analysis of a Glucose Solution - Essay Example The coordinates (0.318, 0.2), (0.519, 0.4), and (0.755, 0.6) are plotted on a graph. The line of best fit cuts the absorbance of 0.250 at a point y. The y-reading of the point y gives the concentration of unknown solution. A line of best fit gives y=0.14. Thus the unknown concentration = 0.14mM. A straight line of best fit of the plotted points gives the standard curve upon which concentration of the substance in the solution is determined. The Blank cuvette is a tiny test tube with a diameter of about 12mm and length of 100mm that holds solutions containing all experimental constituents except the substance under investigation. In this case, the Blank cuvette contains all the other components other than the substance with absorbance of 0.250. The Blank is a cocktail containing specific concentrations of buffer, ABTS/HRP stock and glucose oxidese stock (Bongler, 2012) Quantitative test of glucose is useful in monitoring level of diabetes. Glucose is a major energy source for most body cells. Diabetes is manifested by hyperglycemia. Through quantitative test of glucose in the blood, health practitioners are able to determine the extent of inability of one’s body to produce insulin. Thus, quantitative tests of glucose helps nullify the chances of further diabetic complications. In constructing the standard curve, the line of best fit is used because it reflects the substance concentration-absorbance mean. It conveys the coordinates of the variables that best provide the approximate concentration of the substance under study. In the experiment, a point (0.250, y) gives the solution of concentration of glucose, where y=unknown glucose concentration. If the unknown sample had a reading that was too high and went off the scale despite doing all the measurements and procedure correctly, it is imperative to consider the count of readings that have gone off-scale. If the number of unreasonable readings is few, the investigator assumes them in

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Question - Essay Example Intelligence is a personal resource that helps a person to attain personal growth and adjustment into a learning environment. Intelligence is a shield against psychological stress and diseases. Personality on the other hand, is an icon of the intellectual capability of an individual. It affects the person's academic performance by influencing the intellectual functioning of the person. Personality factors determine the results of intelligence test. Personality is responsible for the development of cognitive-adoptive ability that enhances a person's capability to cope with a certain learning environment (American Psychological Association, 1999, p. 30). Personality develops context-bound practical intelligence. This is the kind of intelligence that enables an individual to handle a situational context, and in the case of a learning environment, the learner is able to handle the learning environmental situations, and adapt to the learning environment accordingly. Life span theories have great influence on the teaching strategies that teachers adopt. Life span theories shape the strategies of teaching in that, the instructor must put in mind that, there are general principles that guide development in human beings at different levels of human development (American Psychological Association, 1999, p. 31).

Protection from Self Incrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protection from Self Incrimination - Essay Example In this case, the defendant, Mr. Salinas was accused of having played a role in a murder that had taken place close to the position of his car. Upon questioning, the defendant answered all the questions, went further, and even submitted his gun to show that he was innocent. However, the defendant went mute when asked about some shell casing found at the scene of the crime. Moreover, the casings matched his shotgun. The defendant at that point completely ignored the questions and did not answer. Because of this attitude, the prosecutor went further and told the jury that the reason for Salinas’ silence was the fact that he felt guilty for the actions he had taken and that the silence was a sign of admission to having carried out the crime. The prosecutor had a strong case when he stated that the defendant was guilty not only because he did not comment on the questions posed to him regarding the casings but also because of the obvious fact that his gun was involved. The judge did not argue against the strong case brought by the prosecutor and this was mostly because the evidence for the case was present (Hightower). However, the judgment delayed due to the lack of motive for the action. However, upon reviewing the available information, the judge found the defendant guilty and sentenced him to 22 years in prison. Upon critical review of the case and the evidence provided, I would have offered a ruling similar to that made by the judge, in this case. The reason for the judgment is the fact that the defendant went mute and did not communicate anything regarding the questions asked. The constitution states that upon an individual pleading the Fifth Amendment they ought to receive fair treatment until substantial proof is presented (Choo 89). However, this was not the case in this particular case. Rather than pleading this right, the individual went silent and did not answer anything. This was a sign of great

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation In Myanmar Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And Effects Of Deforestation In Myanmar Environmental Sciences Essay According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations U.N.FAO, there are about 31,773,000 ha hectares or 48.3 of forests in Myanmar. An average of 372,250 ha or 0.95% of forest have been lost annually between 1990 and 2010. The organization states that within the period of 20 years (1990-2010), around 7,445,000 ha or 19.0% of the total forest has been cleared in Myanmar. Myanmar is one of the top ten countries that are happening highest deforestation rate in the world, and its rank is seven. The Rangoon-based Biodiversity and Nature Conservation Association (BANCA) alerts that Myanmar is meeting a deforestation crisis because of natural disasters (hurricanes, floods, drought and fires), human activities (logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, cutting trees for fuel, mining operations, dam building, clearing land for livestock grazing and oil extraction) and overpopulation. If deforestation cannot be controlled by government, the result could be very disastrous. It has negative impacts on environmental degradation and direct biodiversity loss. Exporting timber and human population are the main causes of deforestation in Myanmar. The Global Witness Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) manipulated that Myanmar shipped at least one million cubic meters of timber into China in 2002. Between 2010 and 2011, government exported 864,000 metric tons of timber and got US$600 million from it. Moreover, according to the UN FAO report that Burmas rural populations of around 70% or at least 30 million rely on forests for their basic needs in 2009. Government and people do not aware if they cut a lot of trees for their profits; it will affect on ecosystem and happen a lot of natural disaster in Myanmar. The purpose of this paper is to show causes and effects of deforestation in Myanmar. In particular, the impact of climate changes is very serious problem in Myanmar due to deforestation. This paper will discuss the plans of government to solve these problems ,and it will also provide some possible suggestions to protect the forests. 1.0 Causes The meaning of deforestation is cutting, clearing and removing of trees for various reasons such as logging, slashing-and-burning agriculture, clearing land for livestock, building dam. Sometimes, natural disasters can extremely destruct forests. For instance, Cyclone Nargis destroyed a lot of trees in Myanmar on 2 and 3 May 2008. Myanmar is developing country, so the government and people are extremely depend on forests. They cut down a lot of trees for various reasons, but the main point is for short-term economic benefits (Putatunda, 2011). Deforestation can be caused not only human activities, but also natural disasters. In Myanmar, government exports a lot of natural resources to other countries, but they got more money by exporting timber. According to the parliamentary Natural Resources and Environment Conservation Committee, Myanmar exports a lot of teaks by legal or illegal. The London-based Environment Investigation Agency claims that Myanmar exported 1.6 million tones of teak per annually to neighboring countries such as India, China, Bangladesh, Thailand and Malaysia. http://www.itto.int/files/user/mis/mis%20charts%20homepage/snap20111201.gif The agency states Myanmar got $5.7 billion by exporting 18 million cubic meters of wood log between 2000 and 2010. According to statistics, Myanmar has more than 16.32 million hectares of forest, and the area of teak is 24,300 hectares while the area of hardwood is 324,000 hectares. In Myanmar almost 1.98 million cubic meters of hardwood and 283,000 cubic meters of teak are used in Myanmar per annual. As a result, cutting a lot of trees for exporting is threatening Myanmar forests. Overpopulation affect on forests because they destroy a lot of trees for their profit. In Myanmar, the population is increased approximately one million annually. The population Myanmar is 54,584,650 in 2012 .According to UNFAO, 70 percent of the Myanmar people live in rural area, and they rely on forests for their basic needs and sustenance and income. Similar to Indonesia, people who get less than US$ 1 cut trees to get a few income for short-term (Stolle, 2008). Deforestation can be caused by not only man-made, but also natural disasters. In Myanmar, forest fire is one of the main problems to destroy forests. Myanmar lost up to 10 tons of forest fuel because of forest fire. As a result, every 30 to 70 tons of top forest soil are destroyed in Myanmar. Myanmar is facing natural disasters such as cyclones, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami, fire and drought. They are also real threats to Myanmars environment. Effects Burning trees and clearing forest extremely affect on environment. A lot of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide are emitted from deforestation. Hence, the temperature of global is rising, so climate changes and soil erosion happen in Myanmar. 2.1 Climate Changes A lot of natural disasters are threatening Myanmars forest such as cyclones, earthquakes and floods (Moe, 2009). Cyclone Nargis destroyed trees and livelihood of people more than earthquake and floods. Cyclone Nargis was the top deadliest and most caustic tropical cyclones to ever strike Myanmar (The New York Time, 2012). The cyclone notably affected a total of 37 townships. The UN predicts more than 2.4 million people were affected by Cyclone. According to official figures, 53,800 were missing, and 84,500 people were killed. It also destroyed a million acres of rice paddies, trees and killed three-fourths of the livestock with its seawater surges. 2.2 Soil erosion and soil fertility loss In Myanmar, soil erosion is one of the most serious problems, and government cannot be controlled until now, so the agricultural products of Myanmar are falling. The fertility of the soil will reduce if the surface soil is eroded, and it can turn agricultural land into desert land. To prevent soil erosion, Myanmar should preserve forests and grasslands. If soil erosion cannot be preserved, it will lead to flooding. Weather and agricultural experts argue that they get 4 inches of rain from the flood areas, but flooding problems never happen with this amount of rainfall in the past. Not only nutrient depletion but also ecological, social and economic problem can be happened because of soil erosion. Solutions A lot of natural disasters are threatening people in Myanmar. Most disasters are caused by deforestation. So, the government are trying to reduce deforestation. They have three plans for that. First of all, they will completely ban exporting timber to other countries in 2014 (William Boot, 2012). However, it is difficult to stop illegal logging and exporting to China. The reason is Chinas border is very close with northern part of Myanmar. Most poor indigenous people are relying on forest for their basic need. Although the government does not allow to cut trees, they may do continue, but their strategic is a few positive effects on stopping illegal logging and exporting to not only China but also other countries. The second is reforestation. Every June or July, the government order to plant trees in the whole country. Moreover, the government has dictated its citizen between the ages of 11 and 60 must plant five trees per annually in China. The government mentions that the result of their program is they have been planted at least one billion trees since 1982. Although the government of Chinas plan succeed, in Myanmar, their programme failed since after planting trees, nobody care about them. In the peoples mind, their responsibility is just planting trees. The last strategy is collaboration with UN organization . It established The National Commission for Environment Affairs(NCEA) which purpose is to support the environmental protection and reduce the environmental degradation. The government expects this collaboration can prevent deforestation in Myanmar. The best solution is giving job to poor people. If they have enough money for their basic need, they will not destroy the forests. They will not care how many disasters happen and the government announces the rules because money is more important than retaining the environment for them. Furthermore, recycling and reusing items are also the best solution. For example, industries are using a lot of bamboo to produce paper. If people and students reuse the recycling paper, they may reduce using bamboo. These solutions may decline deforestation in Myanmar. Conclusion In conclusion, Myanmar was covered a lot of forests in the past, but nowadays, the coverage of forests decreased significanly in Myanmar. Exporting teaks and overpopulation are the main causes to be facing deforestation in Myanmar. Myanmar is poor country, so government budget depend on exporting teaks to other countries. Nearly 283,000 cubic meters of teak and 1,98 0,000 cubic meters of hardwood are used for exporting in Myanmar per year. Increasing population is also the main problem. Approximately one million people are incresing per annually. Most of them are poor, so they rely on forests for their basic needs. The result of destroying forests is emitting a lot of greenhouse gases. As a result the temperature is rising, and it affects on climate and soil of Myanmar. By changing climate, a lot of natural disasters are happening in Myanmar such as Cyclone Nargis, earthquakes, floods and drought. Cyclone Nargis destroyed a lot of trees and affected more than 2.4 million people, and it was nightmare for people. Myanmar has no many good place for agriculture due to deforestation. Government tried to solve deforestation , but it did not affect on the problem. Reducing unemployments and recycling items may prevent destroying the forests. If the government cannot control deforestaionthe, a lot of extreme natural disasters will occur in Myanmar. If there is no enough trees, the temperature will be higher and higher, and the death rate of people will sharply increase in hot season. Health problems and economy problems will also happen. It is believe that if there is no trees, animals can not survive. If there is no animals, all people cannot also survive. By maintaining the environment, the world will be beautiful.